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<channel>
	<title>Barry Sookman &#187; Fair Use</title>
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	<link>http://www.barrysookman.com</link>
	<description>Copyright, Intellectual Property, Computer, Internet, e-Commerce Law.</description>
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		<title>Copyright law 2011 –the year in review in Canada and around the world</title>
		<link>http://www.barrysookman.com/2012/01/13/copyright-law-2011-%e2%80%93the-year-in-review-in-canada-and-around-the-world/</link>
		<comments>http://www.barrysookman.com/2012/01/13/copyright-law-2011-%e2%80%93the-year-in-review-in-canada-and-around-the-world/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 13 Jan 2012 13:30:20 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Barry Sookman</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[C-11]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Copyright]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Counterfeiting]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Fair Dealing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Fair Use]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Google Book Scanning]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Internet defamation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Piracy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Presentations]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Reproduction]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Robertson case]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[authorization]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[communication to the public]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[conflicts of law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[copyright reform]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cyberlockers]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[fair dealing for education]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[human rights]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[hyperlinking liability]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[iiNet case]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[infringment]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[international law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[jurisdiction]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[statutory damages]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[storage lockers]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[canada]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[law society]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[speech]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.barrysookman.com/?p=4018</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Yesterday, I gave a talk at the Law Society of Upper Canada’s 16th Annual Intellectual Property Law: The Year in Review program. My talk canvassed developments in copyright in 2011.  My slides are shown below. The associated paper prepared in collaboration with Glen Bloom, with the help of others, is available here.
My slides and/or the paper summarize [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Yesterday, I gave a talk at the Law Society of Upper Canada’s <a href="http://ecom.lsuc.on.ca/cpd/product.jsp?id=CLE12-0010301">16th Annual Intellectual Property Law: The Year in Review</a> program. My talk canvassed developments in copyright in 2011.  My slides are shown below. The associated paper prepared in collaboration with Glen Bloom, with the help of others, is available<a href="http://www.slideshare.net/bsookman/copyright-update-2012-year-in-review-jan-9-2012-22528785-1"> here</a>.</p>
<p>My slides and/or the paper summarize the following copyright cases from Canada, the USA, UK and  Europe:</p>
<p><strong>CANADA</strong></p>
<p><em>Re: Sound v Motion Picture Theatre Association of Canada </em>2011 FCA 70<em> </em></p>
<p><em>Reference re Broadcasting Act </em>2011 FCA 64</p>
<p><em>Crookes v. Newton</em> 2011 SCC 47</p>
<p><em>France Animation v Robinson</em>, 2011 QCCA 1361</p>
<p><em>Aga Khan v. Tajdin</em>, 2011 FC 14</p>
<p><em>9077-6204 Québec inc. c. Blanchard</em> 2011 QCCQ 205</p>
<p><em>Training and Management Pro-Health Inc. c. Sampietro</em> 2011 QCCS 4256</p>
<p><em>Perfect 10, Inc. v. Google, Inc</em>., 2011 FC 348</p>
<p><em>Harmony Consulting Ltd. v. G.A. Foss Transport Ltd</em>., 2011 FC 340</p>
<p><em>Century 21 Canada Limited Partnership v. Rogers Communications Inc</em>., 2011 BCSC 1196</p>
<p><em>Layette Miniôme inc. c. Jarra</em>r 2011 QCCS 1743</p>
<p><em>Louis Vuitton Malletier S.A. v. Singga Enterprises (Canada) Inc</em>., 2011 FC 776</p>
<p><em>1429539 Ontario Limited v. Café Mirage Inc</em>., 2011 FC 1290</p>
<p><em>Suttie v. Canada (Attorney General)</em>, 2011 FC 119</p>
<p><em>SOCAN v v. IIC Enterprises Ltd. (Cheetah’s Nightclub)</em>, 2011 FC 1088</p>
<p><em>Robertson v. ProQuest Information and Learning LLC</em>, 2011 ONSC 2629</p>
<p><em>R. c. Fiset </em>2011 QCCQ 1344</p>
<p>Reprographic Reproduction, 2011-2013 Interim Decision March 16, 2011</p>
<p><em>IPC Order MO-2635/</em>June 30, 2011</p>
<p><em>R c. Gravel</em> 2011 QCCQ 2517</p>
<p><em>Flow Films v. Global Wealth Trade Corp</em>. [2011] O.J. No. 674</p>
<p><em>Setanta Sports Canada Limited v. 840341 Alberta Ltd. (Bres&#8217;in Taphouse)</em> 2011 FC 709</p>
<p><em>Velsoft Training Materials Inc. v. Global Courseware Inc</em>. 2011 NSSC 274</p>
<p><em>Fabrikant v. Swamy</em> [2011] QJ No 2826</p>
<p><em>Statement of Royalties to be Collected for the Communication to the Public by Telecommunication, in Canada, of Musical Works and of Published Sound Recordings Embodying Musical Works and Performers&#8217; Performances of Such Works (SOCAN and Re:Sound Tariffs 1.C (CBC – Radio 2006-2011)</em> [2011] C.B.D. No. 3 (Copyright Board, July 8, 2011)</p>
<p><em>Statement of Royalties to be Collected for the Performance in Public or the Communication to the Public by Telecommunication in Canada, of Published Sound Recordings Embodying Musical Works and Performers&#8217; Performances of Such Works (Re:Sound Tariff No. 6.A – Use of Recorded Music to Accompany Dance, 2008-2012)</em> [2011] C.B.D. No. 4 (Copyright Board, July 15, 2011)</p>
<p><strong>UNITED STATES</strong></p>
<p><em>Agency France Presse v Morel</em>, 769 F.Supp.2d 295 (S.D.N.Y. 2011)</p>
<p><em>Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc v WTV Systems, Inc</em>. 2011 WL 4001121 (C.D.Cal. Aug, 1, 2011)</p>
<p><em>Flava Works, Inc, v Gunter dba myVidster</em>, 2011 WL 1791557 (N.D.Ill.May 10, 2011)</p>
<p><em>Flava Works, Inc, v Gunter dba myVidster</em> 2011 WL 3205399 (N.D.Ill. July 27, 2011)</p>
<p><em>Flava Works, Inc, v Gunter dba myVidster</em>, 2011 WL 3876910 (N.D.Ill. Sep. 1, 2011)</p>
<p><em>Perfect 10, Inc v Megaupload Limited</em> 2011 WL 3203117 (S.D.Cal., Jul. 27, 2011)</p>
<p><em>Disney Enterprises, Inc v Hotfile</em> 798 F.Supp.2d 1303 (S.D. Flo. 2011)</p>
<p><em>UMG Recordings v Shelter Capital Partners LLC</em> 101 U.S.P.Q.2d 1001 (9th. Cir. 2011)</p>
<p><em>Capitol Records, Inc. v. MP3tunes, LLC</em>, 101 U.S.P.Q.2d 1093 (S.D.N.Y.2011)</p>
<p><em>Arista Records LLC v. MyxerInc., f/k/a Visible Technologies, Inc.,</em> Case No. CV 08-3935-GAF-JC (C.D. Cal. April 1, 2011)</p>
<p><em>The Authors Guild et al v. Google Inc</em>.  770 F.Supp.2d 666 (S.D.N.Y. 2011)</p>
<p><em>Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. American Buddha 16 N.Y.3d 295 (Ct.App.N.Y. 2011)</em></p>
<p><em>Kernal Records Oy v. Mosley</em>,  794 F.Supp.2d 1355  (S.D.Fla. 2011)</p>
<p><em>Seng-Tiong Ho v. Taflove</em>, 2011 WL 2175878 (7th.Cir, 2011)</p>
<p><em>Softech Worldwide LLC v. Internet Technology Broadcasting Corp</em>. 761 F.Supp.2d 367 (E.D.Vir.2011)</p>
<p><em>Righthaven</em> <em>LLC v. Hoehn</em> 792 F.Supp.2d 1138 (D.C.Nev.2011)</p>
<p><em>Capitol Records Inc</em> <em>v. Jammie Thomas-Rasset</em> 2011 WL 3211362 (D.C.Minn.2011)</p>
<p><strong>UK and COMMONWEALTH</strong></p>
<p><em>Lucasfilm Ltd &amp; Ors v Ainsworth &amp; Anor</em> [2011] UKSC 39 (27 July 2011)</p>
<p><em>Football Dataco Ltd &amp; Ors v Sportradar GmbH &amp; Anor</em> [2011] EWCA Civ 330 (29 March 2011)</p>
<p><em>Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp &amp; Ors v British Telecommunications Plc</em> [2011] EWHC 1981 (Ch) (28 July 2011)</p>
<p><em>ITV Broadcasting Ltd &amp; Ors v TV Catchup Ltd</em> [2011] EWHC 1874 (Pat) (18 July 2011)</p>
<p><em>The Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd &amp; Ors. v Meltwater Holding BV &amp; Ors</em> [2011] EWCA Civ 890 (27 July 2011)</p>
<p><em>Roadshow Films Pty Ltd. v  iiNet Limited</em>, [2011] FCAFC 23 (decision of High Court pending)</p>
<p><em>Super Cassettes Industries v. MySpace Inc. </em>High Court of Delhi, judgment pronounced on 29/07/2011</p>
<p><em>Dynamic Supplies Pty Limited v. Tonnex International </em>2011 FCA 362  (Federal Court of Australia)</p>
<p><em>Media CAT v. Adams</em> 2011 EWPCC 6  and 2011 EWPCC 10  (Patents County Court)</p>
<p><em>Football Dataco Ltd  v. Yahoo! UK Limited</em> 2011 EWCA Civ 330 (UK Court of Appeal)</p>
<p><em>Forensic Telecommunications Services Ltd v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire</em> 2011 EWHC 2892 (Ch)</p>
<p><em>R (on the application of British Telecommunications plc and another) v. The Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills</em> 2011 EWHC 1021 (Admin)</p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p><strong>EU (other than UK)</strong></p>
<p><em>La société Des Auteurs des Arts Visuels et de L’image Fixe Visual Auteurs (SAIF) v. Google France  S.A.R.L. and Google Inc</em>.,<em> </em>Paris Court of Appeal, Jan. 26, 2011</p>
<p><em>Google v Copiepresse et </em>al, Brussels Court of Appeal (9th Chamber) May 5, 2011</p>
<p><em>Premier League Football</em> (ECJ Case C-403/08),  4 October 2011</p>
<p><em>Scarlet Extended SA v SABAM</em>, (ECJ Case C-70/10) 24 November, 2011</p>
<p><em>Stichting de Thuiskopie v Opus</em> (ECJ Case C-462/09) 16 June 2011</p>
<p>The slides can be seen below:</p>
<div id="__ss_11005335" style="width: 595px;"><strong><br />
</strong></div>
<div id="__ss_11005335" style="width: 510px;"><strong><a title="Sookman law society_copyright_2012_conference" href="http://www.slideshare.net/bsookman/sookman-law-societycopyright2012conference" target="_blank">Sookman law society_copyright_2012_conference</a></strong> <object id="__sse11005335" classid="clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000" width="510" height="426" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always" /><param name="wmode" value="transparent" /><param name="src" value="http://static.slidesharecdn.com/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=sookmanlawsocietycopyright2012conference-120112205307-phpapp02&amp;stripped_title=sookman-law-societycopyright2012conference&amp;userName=bsookman" /><param name="name" value="__sse11005335" /><param name="allowfullscreen" value="true" /><embed id="__sse11005335" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="510" height="426" src="http://static.slidesharecdn.com/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=sookmanlawsocietycopyright2012conference-120112205307-phpapp02&amp;stripped_title=sookman-law-societycopyright2012conference&amp;userName=bsookman" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" wmode="transparent" name="__sse11005335"></embed></object></div>
<div style="padding: 5px 0 12px;">View more <a href="http://www.slideshare.net/" target="_blank">presentations</a> from <a href="http://www.slideshare.net/bsookman" target="_blank">bsookman</a></div>
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		<item>
		<title>Webcasts of the Supreme Court copyright cases now available</title>
		<link>http://www.barrysookman.com/2011/12/09/webcasts-of-the-supreme-court-copyright-cases-now-available/</link>
		<comments>http://www.barrysookman.com/2011/12/09/webcasts-of-the-supreme-court-copyright-cases-now-available/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 10 Dec 2011 03:57:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Barry Sookman</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Copyright]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Fair Dealing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Fair Use]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[communication to the public]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[fair dealing for education]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.barrysookman.com/?p=3905</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The webcasts of the five Supreme Court of Canada copyright appeals are now available. The ESA/Bell v SOCAN &#8220;communicate to the public&#8221; and the SOCAN v Bell fair dealing cases can be viewed here. (They are streams and not downloads and so are communications.) The K-12 Access Copyright and Re:Sound appeals can be viewed here.
]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The webcasts of the five Supreme Court of Canada copyright appeals are now available. The ESA/Bell v SOCAN &#8220;communicate to the public&#8221; and the SOCAN v Bell fair dealing cases can be viewed <a href="http://scc-csc-gc.insinc.com/en/clip.php?url=c/486/1938/201112060501wv150en,001Content-Type:%20text/html;%20charset=ISO-8859-1">here</a>. (They are streams and not downloads and so are communications.) The K-12 Access Copyright and Re:Sound appeals can be viewed <a href="http://scc-csc-gc.insinc.com/en/clip.php?url=c/486/1938/201112070501wv150en,001Content-Type:%20text/html;%20charset=ISO-8859-1">here.</a></p>
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		<item>
		<title>UK: &#8220;not practical&#8221; to adopt US fair use</title>
		<link>http://www.barrysookman.com/2011/12/09/uk-not-practical-to-adopt-us-fair-use/</link>
		<comments>http://www.barrysookman.com/2011/12/09/uk-not-practical-to-adopt-us-fair-use/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 09 Dec 2011 13:45:37 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Barry Sookman</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[C-11]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Copyright]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Fair Dealing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Fair Use]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[fair dealing for education]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[canada]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[fair dealing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[UK]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.barrysookman.com/?p=3894</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The UK will not adopt US fair use. This was revealed in statements made by Baroness Wilcox, the UK Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Business, Innovation and Skills and John Alty, Chief Executive and Comptroller General, Intellectual Property Office, in testimony before the UK Business, Innovation and Skills Committee on November 15, 2011.
Here is a extract from [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The UK will not adopt US fair use. This was revealed in statements made by Baroness Wilcox, the UK Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Business, Innovation and Skills and John Alty, Chief Executive and Comptroller General, Intellectual Property Office, in <a href="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmbis/uc1498-iv/uc149801.htm">testimony</a> before the UK Business, Innovation and Skills Committee on November 15, 2011.</p>
<p>Here is a extract from the testimony.</p>
<blockquote><p>Q219 Chair : At the time, there were assertions that companies such as Google would not start up in this country because of the UK copyright law. Do you still hold that theory now and will Government policy reflect that or accommodate Google?</p>
<p><em>Baroness Wilcox</em>: We certainly don’t hold that theory.</p>
<p>Chair : You don’t hold it.</p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p><em>Baroness Wilcox</em>: Nor did we hold that theory. Somebody spoke to the Americans, who said on a day in summer when everybody was on holiday, &#8220;We’d never have started here. You can’t start here.&#8221; If you report that to a new Government, they will be terribly worried, but the truth of the matter is that the Americans were arguing for a thing called &#8220;fair use&#8221;. Fair use is a system that they use; we have a system in the European Union and, obviously, within Britain that is not fair use but it is good. That does not mean to say that we will not look at it to see if there are areas within fair use that we could adapt for us, but there would be no point in our changing completely to the American fair use system. John, do you wish to add to that?</p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p><em>John Alty</em>: That is a pretty comprehensive answer. As the Minister said, one of the questions that Ian Hargreaves was asked to look at was whether the fair use system for copyright in the US could and should be transplanted into the UK. As Baroness Wilcox said, his conclusion was that that was not practical, but he did make recommendations to try and achieve some of the benefits of that system; that really goes to the balance between the ability of companies and businesses to make use of copyright material without undermining the original incentives to creativity.</p></blockquote>
<p>There are good reasons why a US fair use regime should not be transplanted in Canada. Dan Glover and I explained why in a paper we submitted to the copyright consultations held in 2009, <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2009/09/15/why-canada-should-not-adopt-fair-use-a-joint-submission-to-the-copyright-consultation/">Why Canada Should Not Adopt Fair Use: A Joint Submission to the Copyright Consultation</a>. The reasons given there could also apply to other potential major changes to our fair dealing framework.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Some observations on Bill C-11: The Copyright Modernization Act</title>
		<link>http://www.barrysookman.com/2011/10/03/some-observations-on-bill-c-11-the-copyright-modernization-act/</link>
		<comments>http://www.barrysookman.com/2011/10/03/some-observations-on-bill-c-11-the-copyright-modernization-act/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 03 Oct 2011 13:45:06 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Barry Sookman</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Copyright]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Fair Dealing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Fair Use]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Graduated Response]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ISP Liability]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ISP exceptions]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Piracy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[TPMs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Three Strikes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[WIPO Treaties]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[c-32]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[copyright reform]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[fair dealing for education]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[geist]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[p2p piracy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[statutory damages]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Michael Geist]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.barrysookman.com/?p=3695</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Last Thursday the Government of Canada introduced into the House of Commons Bill C-11, an Act to Amend the Copyright Act. In a press release describing the Bill, Heritage Minister James Moore and Industry Minister Christian Paradis, stated that the Bill will ensure that Canada&#8217;s copyright laws “are modern, flexible, and in line with current [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Last Thursday the Government of Canada introduced into the House of Commons <a href="http://www.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Docid=5144516&amp;file=4">Bill C-11</a>, an Act to Amend the Copyright Act. In a <a href="http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/crp-prda.nsf/eng/h_rp01238.html">press release</a> describing the Bill, Heritage Minister James Moore and Industry Minister Christian Paradis, stated that the Bill will ensure that Canada&#8217;s copyright laws “are modern, flexible, and in line with current international standards” and will “protect and help create jobs, promote innovation, and attract new investment to Canada.&#8221;</p>
<p>In the press conference announcing the Bill at the Ottawa office of software producer bitHeads Inc., Minister Paradis added “With the reintroduction of today’s legislation, Canadians will soon have a modern and responsive copyright law for the digital age that protects and helps create jobs, promotes innovation and attracts new investment to Canada”. In the <a href="http://openparliament.ca/bills/41-1/C-11/">House of Commons</a> Minister Moore also said “we introduced a bill that is fair to everyone, both creators and consumers. What artists across the country need right now is copyright legislation that will make piracy illegal in Canada. That is what Bill <a href="http://openparliament.ca/bills/6371/">C-11</a> will do.”</p>
<p>Bill C-11 is the fourth attempt to amend the Copyright Act since 2005 — to bring the Act into the digital age. The Bill will likely make good the promise made in the <a title="Permanent Link to Conservative Party Platform on Copyright" href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2011/04/08/conservative-party-platform-on-copyright/">Conservative Party Platform on Copyright</a> that, “A Stephen Harper-led majority Government will also reintroduce and pass the Copyright Modernization Act, a key pillar in our commitment to make Canada a leader in the global digital economy.” It will also likely deliver on the commitment made in the <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2011/06/03/throne-speech-promises-swift-passage-of-copyright-amendments/">Throne Speech</a> to swiftly pass “copyright legislation that balances the needs of creators and users.”</p>
<p>Bill C-11 contains the same proposed amendments as its predecessor, Bill C-32.  This was anticipated based on <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2011/09/10/what%e2%80%99s-next-for-copyright-reform-in-canada/">statements</a> made by Minister Moore and others prior to its introduction. According to a <a href="http://www.international.gc.ca/media_commerce/comm/news-communiques/2011/280.aspx?lang=eng&amp;view=d">press release</a> announcing that Canada had signed the <a href="http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/fo/acta-acrc.aspx?lang=eng&amp;view=d">Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement</a> (ACTA), the “bill informed and guided Canada’s approach to the ACTA negotiations.”</p>
<p>Along with Bill C-11, the Government released <a href="http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/crp-prda.nsf/eng/rp01187.html">Fact Sheets</a>, an <a href="http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/crp-prda.nsf/eng/h_rp01153.html">FAQ</a>, and a <a href="http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/crp-prda.nsf/eng/h_rp01237.html">Backgrounder</a>.<a href="file:///C:/MyFiles/blogs/10779277v1%20-%20SOOKMAN%20COPYRIGHT%20BILL%20BLOG%20(2)%20plus%20(01).docx#_ftn1">[1]</a> These are all available on the Government`s website: www.balancedcopyright.gc.ca.</p>
<p>The FAQ describe certain aspects of the Bill including the following summary that says the <em>Copyright Modernization Act</em> will:</p>
<ul>
<li>implement the rights and protections of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Internet treaties;</li>
<li>give copyright owners the tools they need to combat piracy;</li>
<li>clarify the roles and responsibilities of ISPs and search engines;</li>
<li>promote creativity and new methods of teaching in the classroom by providing greatly expanded exceptions for education;</li>
<li>encourage innovation in the private sector through exceptions for technical computer processes;</li>
<li>provide legal protection for businesses that choose to use technological protection measures or &#8220;digital locks&#8221; to protect their work as part of their business models; and,</li>
<li>give consumers the ability to, among other things, record their favourite TV shows for later viewing, transfer music from a CD to a digital device, and create a mash-up to post via social media.</li>
</ul>
<p>I previous provided an overview of the Bill`s key provisions. See, <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/06/03/some-thoughts-on-bill-c-32-an-act-to-modernize-canada%E2%80%99s-copyright-laws/">Some thoughts on Bill-C-32: An Act to Modernize Canada’s copyright laws</a>.</p>
<p>As I noted in <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/12/01/my-c-32-opening-remarks/">My C-32 opening remarks</a> to the Legislative Committee that studied Bill C-32, I support the government’s objectives. There are, however, areas where the Bill would have significant unintended consequences if passed without amendments consistent with those objectives. Many of these are technical. Perrin Beatty, President and CEO, Canadian Chamber of Commerce, referred to this in a <a href="http://www.chamber.ca/index.php/en/news/">press release</a> when Bill C-11 was introduced on Sept. 29th:</p>
<blockquote><p>While the Canadian Chamber supports the principles behind this copyright legislation, improvements still need to be made to the bill. As currently drafted, the bill still contains some possible unintended consequences that could prove problematic for business. We look forward to a rigorous review of the bill at committee stage that will make sure that it achieves the purposes for which it is designed.</p></blockquote>
<p>In the Government background documents the Government stated that it will refer the Bill to a House of Commons committee and that the “work and testimony from the previous Parliament will be carefully considered and taken into account.” Minister Paradis also confirmed at the press conference that the Government “&#8230;will make any technical fixes necessary to achieve our objectives of taking meaningful action on copyright piracy, protecting right owners and promoting creativity, innovation and legitimate business models for the benefit of the consumers.” The Government`s objective remains to have the Bill passed by Christmas.</p>
<p>There has been considerable debate concerning some of proposed amendments. Some of the main issues that will be debated as the Bill winds its way through a House of Commons committee and, ultimately, into law are the following:</p>
<ul>
<li>Technological Protection Measures</li>
<li>The Enablement Right</li>
<li>The Non-Commercial User-Generated Content (UGC) Exception</li>
<li>Statutory damages</li>
<li>The Internet Service Provider and Search Engine Exceptions and Responsibilities</li>
<li>The Fair Dealing for Education Exception</li>
<li>The Copyright Exceptions to Encourage Innovation</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Technological Protection Measures (aka digital locks or TPMs)</strong></p>
<p>Bill C-11 will prohibit circumventing (hacking) of TPMs that control access to a work. It will also prohibit trafficking of tools or provision of services that can be used for this purpose. The Government background documents explained the TPM provisions and the rationale for protecting TPMs as follows:</p>
<blockquote><p>Innovative companies, such as video game developers, will have the legal tools to protect the investments they have made in order to reinvest in future innovation and jobs.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>Protecting digital locks gives copyright industries the certainty they need to roll out new products and services, such as online subscription services, software and video games, if they choose to use this technology. Not only will this promote investment and growth in Canada&#8217;s digital economy, it will also encourage the introduction of innovative online services that offer access to content. Such services are increasingly available in other countries.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>The Bill recognizes that certain protections, such as restricted content on news websites or locked video games, are important tools for copyright owners to protect their digital works and are often an important part of online and digital business models.</p></blockquote>
<p>Opponents of legal protection for TPMs &#8212; such as Michael Geist &#8212; have made inaccurate statements about the legal protection for TPMs. Michael Geist’s relentless misinformation campaign<a href="file:///C:/MyFiles/blogs/10779277v1%20-%20SOOKMAN%20COPYRIGHT%20BILL%20BLOG%20(2)%20plus%20(01).docx#_ftn2">[2]</a> against them makes it difficult and confusing for many Canadians to form informed views about the Bill’s TPM provisions. Michael Geist repeated some of the inaccurate or misleading statements in a <a href="http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/6033/125/">blog post</a> and in the <a href="http://www.thestar.com/business/article/1063099--geist-why-canada-s-new-copyright-bill-remains-flawed">media</a> after the Bill was introduced. For example:</p>
<ul>
<li>He continues to suggest that “digital lock rules trump education rights”. However, since Bill C-11 does not prohibit circumventing copy control TPMs, it would be legal to hack a copy control TPM for an educational or any other purpose. Once hacked, a person would be able to make copies of the unprotected work under the new fair dealing for education exception, as long as the dealing is “fair”. However, a person could not bypass a technical control that protects a work against access the person is not entitled to in the first place.<a href="file:///C:/MyFiles/blogs/10779277v1%20-%20SOOKMAN%20COPYRIGHT%20BILL%20BLOG%20(2)%20plus%20(01).docx#_ftn3">[3]</a> The prohibition against hacking access control TPMs is <em>not</em> about “trumping education rights”. It <em>is</em> about ensuring that people who want to make copies of a work for an educational purpose obtain legal access to the work such as by purchasing or licensing a copy in order that the creator or other rights holder may be compensated.</li>
<li>He also continues to argue that “digital lock rules extend <a href="http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/5388/125/">far beyond</a> those required for compliance with the WIPO Internet treaties”; that Canada can properly implement the WIPO Treaties by limiting the prohibition on circumvention to an infringing purpose; that the WIPO Treaties would permit hacking TPMs for the purpose of format shifting; that many of our trading partners have implemented the WIPO Treaties in these ways; and that “many of our trading partners have adopted more balanced digital lock rules”. He makes these arguments although they have been found to be completely inconsistent with the minimum requirements of the Treaties by the leading international expert , Dr. Mihaly Ficscor <a href="http://www.iposgoode.ca/Ficsor-TPMs-and-Flexibility.pdf">here</a>, <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/06/17/legends-and-reality-about-the-1996-wipo-treaties-in-the-light-of-certain-comments-on-bill-c-32/">here</a>, <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2009/12/21/dr-ficsor-invitation-to-canada-to-join-the-international-community-by-ratifying-the-wipo-treaties/">here</a>, and <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2009/12/23/only-once-more-and-then-marry-christmas-and-happy-new-year-to-everybody-including-professor-geist-and-his-devoted-followers-the-1996-wipo-diplomatic-conference-the-wipo-treaties-and-the-balanc/">here</a>. Michael Geist’s proposals would, essentially, eviscerate the business and policy reasons for protecting TPMs.</li>
<li>Further, he suggests that the U.S. DMCA’s TPM provisions “offer more flexibility than Canada”.  This statement is misleading as I have shown <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/11/24/tpms-and-flexibility-%E2%80%9Cthe-ability-of-bending-without-breaking%E2%80%9D-%E2%80%93-why-the-new-attack-against-the-tpm-provisions-of-bill-c-32-has-failed-again/">here</a>, <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/09/27/separating-facts-from-hype-about-c-32/">here</a>, and <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/09/30/are-the-tpm-provisions-in-c-32-more-restrictive-than-those-in-the-dmca/">here</a>.</li>
</ul>
<p>There is also considerable misunderstanding about the TPM provisions within the general public. For example,</p>
<ul>
<li>the <a href="http://news.nationalpost.com/2011/09/29/not-caving-to-u-s-on-copyright-bill-heritage-minister/">National Post</a>, <a href="http://www.vancouversun.com/business/technology/Conservative+government+budge+copyright+rule+changes/5483874/story.html">Vancouver Sun</a>, <a href="http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/business/copyright-law-bill-bans-breaking-digital-locks-for-any-use-130836443.html">Winnipeg Free Press</a>, <a href="http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/business/copyright-law-bill-bans-breaking-digital-locks-for-any-use-130836443.html">Calgary Herald</a>, and other newspapers just published an article stating that the TPM “provisions would make consumers liable for thousands of dollars in legal damages if they break the digital encryption on a purchased DVD or video game to make a backup copy for themselves.”</li>
<li>the <a href="http://www.montrealgazette.com/Bringing+copyright+into+present/5485614/story.html">Montreal Gazette</a> published an article stating that Bill C-11 contains a “blanket provision against breaking digital locks, even for purposes of personal use; The bill provides for $5,000 fines for even the smallest such violations. This provision was apparently included as a result of heavy pressure from U.S. authorities and in the interest of maintaining cross-border trade and exemption from protectionist measures that would prevent Canadian firms from bidding on U.S. government procurement contracts.”</li>
</ul>
<p>These statements are just plain wrong. The Bill does <em>not</em> prohibit hacking copy control digital locks for any purpose and there are multiple exceptions that permit circumventing access control TPMs. Moreover, Section 41.1(3) of the Bill expressly precludes an award of statutory damages against an individual who circumvents a TPM for his or her own private purposes. Accordingly, it is flat out wrong to claim that an individual could be liable for “thousands of dollars in legal damages” for hacking a TPM for personal purposes. Further, even if statutory damages did apply, which they do not, the Bill would limit such damages to a range, the maximum of which would be $5,000 for the most egregious case.</p>
<p>In my blog post, <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/12/14/an-faq-on-tpms-copyright-and-bill-c-32/">An FAQ on TPMs, Copyright and Bill C-32</a>, I tried to set the record straight on the following questions about the legal protection for TPMs to enable the public to make their own assessment of the TPM provisions in Bill C-32 based on correct information:</p>
<ul>
<li>Whether Bill C-32 properly implements the WIPO Treaties consistent with the practices of our trading partners</li>
<li>Whether the Bill permits copying for fair dealing, educational, and other purposes</li>
<li>Whether the circumvention exceptions in the Bill are flexible enough to deal with unforeseen or unintended consequences</li>
<li>Whether Canada can properly implement the WIPO Treaties by limiting the prohibition on circumvention to an infringing purpose</li>
<li>Whether other jurisdictions limit protection of TPMs to circumvention for an infringing purpose</li>
<li>Whether circumvention of TPMs for the purposes of format shifting, time shifting, and making back-up copies for private purposes (private copying) ought to be permitted</li>
<li>(Given that one of the legislative goals is to follow international standards) whether other jurisdictions permit exceptions for private copying to trump TPMs</li>
<li>Whether an exception for private copying that permits circumvention of TPMs for such purpose would comply with the Berne Three Step Test</li>
<li>Whether the WIPO Treaties which Canada has committed to ratify permit circumventing TPMs for private copying</li>
<li>Whether Michael Geist`s two proposals for amending the TPM provisions in Bill C-32 (now Bill C-11) have international precedents.</li>
</ul>
<p>Other posts such as the ones set out below also correct inaccurate statements made about legal protection for TPMs.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/11/24/tpms-and-flexibility-%E2%80%9Cthe-ability-of-bending-without-breaking%E2%80%9D-%E2%80%93-why-the-new-attack-against-the-tpm-provisions-of-bill-c-32-has-failed-again/">Separating copyright fiction from facts about C-32’s TPM provisions</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/09/27/separating-facts-from-hype-about-c-32/">Separating facts from hype about C-32</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/09/30/are-the-tpm-provisions-in-c-32-more-restrictive-than-those-in-the-dmca/">Are the TPM provisions in C-32 more restrictive than those in the DMCA</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2011/04/25/c-32-and-the-blackberry-playbook-a-reply-to-michael-geist/">C-32 and the BlackBerry PlayBook: A reply to Michael Geist</a></li>
<li>Dr. Ficsor <a href="http://www.iposgoode.ca/Ficsor-TPMs-and-Flexibility.pdf">TPMs and Flexibility (’The Ability of Bending Without Breaking’) – Why Should the TPM Provisions of Bill C-32 Protect Access Controls and Prohibit ‘Preparatory Acts</a>”,</li>
<li><a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2009/12/23/dr-ficsor-is-right-prof-geist-is-wrong-about-the-wipo-internet-treaties/">Dr. Ficsor is right; Prof. Geist is wrong about the WIPO Internet Treaties</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2009/12/21/dr-ficsor-invitation-to-canada-to-join-the-international-community-by-ratifying-the-wipo-treaties/">Dr. Ficsor: An invitation to Canada to join the international community by ratifying the WIPO Internet Treaties</a></li>
<li>Dr Ficsor <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/06/17/legends-and-reality-about-the-1996-wipo-treaties-in-the-light-of-certain-comments-on-bill-c-32/">Legends and reality about the 1996 WIPO Treaties in the light of certain comments on Bill C-32</a></li>
<li>Dr Ficsor <a title="Permanent Link to Only once more – and then Marry Christmas and Happy New Year to everybody, including Professor Geist and his devoted followers:  the  1996 WIPO Diplomatic Conference,  the WIPO Treaties and the balance of interests" href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2009/12/23/only-once-more-and-then-marry-christmas-and-happy-new-year-to-everybody-including-professor-geist-and-his-devoted-followers-the-1996-wipo-diplomatic-conference-the-wipo-treaties-and-the-balanc/">Only once more – and then Marry Christmas and Happy New Year to everybody, including Professor Geist and his devoted followers: the 1996 WIPO Diplomatic Conference, the WIPO Treaties and the balance of interests</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/02/17/reflections-on-the-liberal-roundtable-on-the-digital-economy/">Reflections on the liberal roundtable on the digital economy</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2008/02/03/facebook-fair-for-copyright-of-canada-replies-to-professor-geist/">FACEBOOK FAIR FOR COPYRIGHT OF CANADA: REPLIES TO PROFESSOR GEIST</a></li>
<li>‘<a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2005/03/30/%e2%80%98%e2%80%98tpms%e2%80%99%e2%80%99-a-perfect-storm-for-consumersreplies-to-professor-geist/">TPMs’’: A Perfect Storm for Consumers: Replies to Professor Geist</a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>The </strong><strong>Enablement Right</strong></p>
<p>Section 27(2.3) of Bill C-11 would create a new cause of action referred to in the Bill as “enablement”. The Government background documents describe this new right and the rationale for it as follows:</p>
<blockquote><p>The Bill gives copyright owners the tools to pursue those who wilfully and knowingly enable copyright infringement online, such as operators of websites that facilitate illegal file-sharing.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>It recognizes that the most effective way to stop online copyright infringement is to target those who enable and profit from the infringements of others. By allowing copyright owners to pursue these &#8220;enablers&#8221;, such as illegal peer-to-peer file sharing sites, this Bill supports the development of significant legitimate markets for downloading and streaming in Canada. This supplements existing criminal punishments for those who aid and abet infringement.</p></blockquote>
<p>The Government background documents also state that the “proposed legislation will ensure that services that enable infringement will not benefit from the liability limitations afforded to ISPs and search engines.”</p>
<p>From the appearances and submissions to the Legislative Committee that studied C-32, there is a consensus supporting the enablement provision. Michael Geist, however, opposes giving rights holders tools to go after pirate sites and services like IsoHunt calling into question the need for an enablement amendment. I responded to his contradictory posts on the state of Canadian secondary liability law in a blog post, <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2011/03/09/are-canadas-laws-friendly-to-wealth-destroyers/">Are Canada’s copyright laws friendly or unfriendly towards wealth destroyers according to Prof. Geist?</a> I concluded that:</p>
<blockquote><p>It is clear that Prof. Geist’s objective in this recent spate of activity is to persuade policy makers and the public that the new proposed enablement cause of action is not needed because Canada’s copyright laws are already robust enough to deal with what Minister Clement calls “the wealth destroyers” like IsoHunt. However, for years Prof. Geist has consistently and repeatedly been writing and telling the public that Canada’s laws related to authorization might not be effective against pirate sites and services and that Canada does not have contributory liability laws that can be used against these sites and services…</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>The only conclusion that can be drawn from a review of his writings is that he has either changed his long standing opinion about the state of Canadian law – now believing it is effective enough to shut down the wealth destroyers like IsoHunt- or that he is inaccurately describing what he believes Canadian law to be to oppose the amendments in Bill C-32 that are intended to give rights holders the tools needed to close down wealth destroyers.</p></blockquote>
<p>While the new enablement right could be a very useful tool in fighting online pirate sites and services, it has some technical drafting deficiencies that need to be fixed to ensure that the new cause of action can be used as intended. Perrin Beatty of the Canadian Chamber of Commerce noted this in the Q&amp;A at the press conference in Ottawa where he stated that the concept of &#8220;designed primarily to enable infringement&#8221; needed to be clarified and that this clarification is an &#8220;essential technical amendment to ensure that the bill in fact achieves the purpose for which it was intended.”</p>
<p>I addressed the drafting problems in <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/12/01/my-c-32-opening-remarks/">My C-32 opening remarks</a> to the Legislative Committee and in an article co-written with Dan Glover titled <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2011/02/18/c-32-enablement-remedy-targets-secondary-copyright-infringement/">C-32 enablement remedy targets secondary copyright infringement</a>. There we noted three of the technical amendments that are needed to ensure the Government`s objectives of targeting the “wealth destroyers” are met.</p>
<ul>
<li>First, Parliament must recognize that pirate sites and services often are “not designed primarily to enable” acts of copyright infringement. The design is very often neutral, but the site or service is operated to induce, aid or abet infringing activities, or is primarily operated or used for infringing purposes.</li>
<li>Second, Parliament must ensure that this provision clearly trumps all of the online service provider exceptions to avoid a circumstance in which enablers like wealth destroying pirate hosting sites can avoid liability for enablement.</li>
<li>Third, to provide an adequate and effective remedy against enablement, Parliament should confirm that rightsholders may rely on the full scale of statutory damages against those who are liable for enablement, regardless of whether such persons were operating for commercial purposes or not.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>The Non-Commercial User-Generated Content (UGC) Exception</strong></p>
<p>Bill C-11 contains a new exception that would permit individuals to use existing content to create new ‘user generated content’. The Government background documents describe this amendment and its objective as follows:</p>
<blockquote><p>The Bill permits the use of legitimately acquired material in user-generated content created for non-commercial purposes. This applies only to creations that do not affect the market for the original material. Examples could include making a home video of your friends and family dancing to a popular song and posting it online, or creating a &#8220;mash-up&#8221; of video clips.</p></blockquote>
<p>The Government background documents also state that the changes proposed are in “conformity with Canada’s international obligations”.</p>
<p>In <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/12/01/my-c-32-opening-remarks/">My C-32 opening remarks</a> to the Legislative Committee studying Bill C-32 I pointed out some of the unintended consequences of the draft wording in the UGC amendment stating the following:</p>
<blockquote><p>This is an exception that, to my knowledge, does not exist anywhere else in the world.</p>
<p>From a technical drafting perspective, the exception is so widely cast that it would most likely violate Canada’s WTO TRIPS obligations. TRIPs mandates that exceptions must be subject to what is known internationally as the 3 step test.</p>
<p>The exception, as drafted, would permit individuals to do almost anything that the author could do with his/her work including creating translations, sequels, or other derivative works and publish them on the internet.</p>
<p>They could also create a “collective work” or “compilation” of works such as “the best” of a TV series or artists’ works, or iPod playlist and post those on the internet.</p>
<p>They can also do a lot more.</p>
<p>The result is that the author loses significant control over the uses of his/her work.</p>
<p>But, over and above this, there could be significant economic consequences to the author. The intention is to permit uses which have <em>no effect</em> on the market for the work. However, the drafting permits aggregate effects on the market for the work that could be very substantial.</p>
<p>Also, the individual’s use of the new UGC work must be non-commercial. But a web site operator can charge for disseminating the UGC work. But, the author gets none of that. They would however in other countries which don’t have this exception and which have let the market solve the problem.</p></blockquote>
<p>I also highlighted some of the potential problems with the draft language of the UGC, format shifting, time shifting, and back-up copying exceptions in a speech on <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/11/17/bill-c-32s-fair-dealing-and-other-new-copyright-exceptions/">Bill C-32’s fair dealing and other new copyright exceptions</a> at Osgoode Hall Law School’s professional development program on understanding Bill C-32.</p>
<p><strong>Statutory damages</strong></p>
<p>Bill C-11 would cap statutory damages against individuals who infringe copyright for non-commercial purposes to a range of between $100 and $5,000 for all works involved in the proceeding. It also specifically exempts persons who are liable under the new enablement provision from any statutory damages. The Government background documents describe this amendment and its objective as follows:</p>
<blockquote><p>This Bill ensures that Canadians will not face disproportionate penalties for minor infringements of copyright by distinguishing between commercial and non-commercial infringement.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>The Bill ensures that Canadians are not subject to unreasonable penalties by significantly reducing statutory damages for infringement for non-commercial purposes by individuals, providing the courts with the flexibility to award between $100 and $5,000 in total damages. Using the same example of five illegally downloaded songs, the individual would only be liable for a penalty of between $100 and $5,000 under the proposed changes. The Bill will ensure that courts take proportionality into account in awarding damages.</p></blockquote>
<p>It appears that the rationale for capping statutory damages against individuals is to preclude large judgements against them when they engage in unauthorized downloading of copyright content over the internet. The underlying concern seems to stem from a fear that a Canadian court would award large damages such as have been awarded in the United States.</p>
<p>The existing Canadian and U.S. regimes are very different, however. In the U.S., the statutory damages per work infringed range from $750 to $30,000 for non-wilful infringements. This range can be increased to $750 to $150,000 for wilful infringements. Canada’s statutory damages range is lower- from $500 to $20,000- and cannot be increased even if the infringement is wilful. However, they can be reduced to a range of between $200 to $500 where a person, such as an individual, had no reasonable grounds to believe he or she was infringing. A Canadian Court also has the discretion to lower the damages to zero where there is multiple copying onto a single medium and the award would be grossly out of proportion to the infringement. The Canadian statutory damages regime, unlike the regime in the U.S., therefore already reflects a proportionality principle. Moreover, there has never been a case in Canada where a copyright owner has been awarded anything close to the maximum statutory damages against an individual who downloaded copies of copyright content from file sharing networks.</p>
<p>This Bill would accomplish the Government’s objectives of ensuring that Canadians will not face “disproportionate penalties for minor infringements of copyright by distinguishing between commercial and non-commercial infringement.” However, it does so in a way that undermines the Government’s objectives of deterring wide scale infringements and providing effective remedies against those infringements that can cause significant economic harm. For example:</p>
<ul>
<li>the proposal would cap the recovery of statutory damages against infringements undertaken by organized groups like those who trade in Warez – pirated copyrighted works distributed without fees or royalties and without any commercial purpose &#8211; in violation of copyright law.<a href="file:///C:/MyFiles/blogs/10779277v1%20-%20SOOKMAN%20COPYRIGHT%20BILL%20BLOG%20(2)%20plus%20(01).docx#_ftn4">[4]</a> This would effectively cap statutory damages at $5,000 for persons who cause large scale commercial damage, but who do so for reasons other than profit. Some of the most notorious pirates and pirate sites are operated for reputational rather than profit motives.</li>
<li>the proposal would preclude recovery of statutory damages against any pirate site or service that was liable under the new enablement cause of action. If the site was operated for a non-commercial e.g. reputational, purpose statutory damages could be not be recovered. However, statutory damages would still not be recoverable even against a for profit pirate site or service because of the special exception for statutory damages according to such sites.<a href="file:///C:/MyFiles/blogs/10779277v1%20-%20SOOKMAN%20COPYRIGHT%20BILL%20BLOG%20(2)%20plus%20(01).docx#_ftn5">[5]</a> Ironically, under Bill C-11 a person who is liable for enablement – a “wealth destroyer” to use the words of former Industry Minister Tony Clement- would be subject to no statutory damages while an individual who causes minimal damage and who infringes for a non-commercial purpose would be.</li>
<li>the proposal would cap statutory damages at $5,000 even though a person might copy, distribute, and make available over the internet hundreds of software, video games, e-books, movies, music and other copyright content that are downloaded by thousands of other individuals as long as these acts are done for “non-commercial purposes”; for example, it would enable individuals to copy and store entire libraries of works and to distribute them to all of the person’s friends, including all of the person’s friends on social networks, high school, university or work colleagues, and over file sharing networks like IsoHunt  to millions of potential downloaders, and the maximum statutory damages would still be $5,000.</li>
</ul>
<p>In amending the statutory damages regime, the Government should not inadvertently undermine the usefulness of statutory damages which are necessary to ensure there are effective remedies against infringers, discourage infringement, reduce the costs of litigation, and encourage parties to settle litigation. When the statutory damages regime was enacted by the Government in 1997 (the same year Canada <a href="http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ShowResults.jsp?lang=en&amp;treaty_id=16">signed</a> the WIPO Treaties), it <a href="http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/ippd-dppi.nsf/eng/ip00090.html">explained</a> the rationale for them as follows:</p>
<blockquote><p>A copyright owner who commences proceedings for infringement must prove not only the infringement, but also the losses suffered as a result. However, it is often difficult, sometimes impossible, to prove such losses because evidence as to the extent of infringement is usually difficult and/or expensive to find. Statutory damages alleviate this difficulty by guaranteeing a minimum award of damages once infringement is established. They also ease the evidentiary burden on the plaintiff in proceedings for infringement, deter future infringements, reduce the cost of litigation and encourage the parties to settle matters out of court.</p></blockquote>
<p>The above rationale for statutory damages is still valid.</p>
<p><strong>The Internet Service Provider and Search Engine Exceptions and Responsibilities</strong></p>
<p>Bill C-11 contains four new exceptions referred to as the network service, caching, hosting, and information location tool (aka search engine or ILT) exceptions. The object of these exceptions is explained in the Government background documents as follows:<strong> </strong></p>
<blockquote><p>The Bill ensures that <acronym>ISP</acronym>s and search engines will not be held liable for the copyright infringements of their subscribers, to the extent that they are acting as neutral intermediaries (e.g., when they provide Internet access, allow users to download material they have stored in online personal storage space they control, or make temporary cached copies for network efficiency).</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>The bill will clarify that Internet service providers (ISPs) and search engines are exempt from liability when they act strictly as intermediaries in communication, caching, and hosting activities. The proposed legislation will ensure that services that enable infringement will not benefit from the liability limitations afforded to ISPs and search engines.</p></blockquote>
<p>These provisions also require technical amendments to ensure the Government`s objectives are met. On March 22, 2010, TELUS, Bell and Rogers appeared before the Legislative Committee studying Bill C-32. who <a href="http://www.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=5057232&amp;Mode=1&amp;Parl=40&amp;Ses=3&amp;Language=E">appeared</a> for TELUS acknowledged that some technical amendments are needed to the ISP and ILT exceptions stating the following:</p>
<blockquote><p>TELUS would support amendments that would give rights holders more powerful tools to go after those who actively enable infringement, and also amendments that would prevent the bad guys from taking advantage of the legal safe harbours intended to protect only the good guys&#8230;</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>TELUS does have some recommendations, but they&#8217;re relatively minor. They&#8217;re focused on making the notice and notice system work better, more efficiently, and more fairly for all the stakeholders involved. As I have also indicated, we recognize the concerns on the part of some rights holders that the provisions designed to protect innocent intermediaries may be drafted too broadly. They may allow not-so-innocent intermediaries to slip in underneath them. That&#8217;s not a desirable result, so we would certainly be open to amendments designed to tighten those up.</p></blockquote>
<p>The Bill would also create a notice and notice regime. The process and its rationale are described in the Government background documents as follows:</p>
<blockquote><p>The Bill formalizes the voluntary &#8220;notice and notice&#8221; regime currently used by Canadian <acronym>ISP</acronym>s. Under this system, when an <acronym>ISP </acronym>receives a notice from a copyright holder that a subscriber might be infringing copyright, it forwards a notice to the subscriber. The identity of the subscriber may then be released with a court order. This uniquely Canadian approach has been effective at discouraging infringement and is consistent with Canadian values.</p></blockquote>
<p>A notice and notice process is somewhat useful in dealing with infringing activity across P2P networks and other transitory network communications. It should become part of Canadian law. Notice and notice is not effective, however, in permanently stopping online file sharing by users unless the individuals receiving the notices believe that sanctions could be imposed unless they stop such activity. We have had a <em>de facto </em>notice and notice system in Canada for many years and there is no empirical evidence that it materially changes people’s behaviour to stop illicit file sharing and purchase creative products from legitimate services. Research by our trading partners shows that while a simple notice may have a temporary effect in reducing online file sharing, only notices that have a threat of some sanction operate as an effective deterrent. I dealt with this issue in my <a href="http://ohrlp.ca/images/articles/Volume3/%282009%29%202%20osgoode%20hall%20rev.l.pol%5C%27y%2055.pdf">submission</a> to the Copyright Consultation in 2009 and in other blog posts including <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/01/20/graduated-response-and-copyright-an-idea-that-is-right-for-the-times/">here</a> and <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2011/04/04/rethinking-notice-and-notice-after-c-32/">here</a>.</p>
<p>Given the Government`s statements about copyright reform, it does not appear that any graduated response system will be put in place under any amendments to Bill C-11. However, as noted above in the testimony of Craig McTaggart some technical amendments are required to make the notice and notice system work as intended.</p>
<p><strong>The Fair Dealing for Education Exception</strong></p>
<p>Bill C-11 proposes to add education to the current list of fair dealing purposes. The Government background documents describe the proposed amendment and its objective as follows:</p>
<blockquote><p>The Bill enables the use of copyrighted materials for the purpose of education, provided the use is &#8220;fair&#8221; (i.e., it does not harm the market for a work).</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>It expands fair dealing to recognize education in a structured context as a legitimate purpose.</p></blockquote>
<p>As drafted, the proposed wording of the amendment would not accomplish the Government’s objective. The proposed amendment is not clearly limited to only enabling the use of copyrighted materials for the purpose of education “in a structured context”. Unlike all of the current educational purpose exceptions, the proposed amendment is not expressly limited to specific institutional beneficiaries. As well, the term “education” conveys a meaning that appears to go beyond any structured context.</p>
<p>Limiting the exception to dealings that are “fair” will also not ensure that the dealings do “not harm the market for a work. “Fairness” does not provide any assurance against this harm to rights holders. The courts in Canada have developed a list of six non-exclusive factors to assist in determining whether a dealing is fair. Of these six, the effect of the dealing on the work is only one factor to be considered. The Supreme Court in the<a href="http://canlii.ca/s/2nxl"> </a><em><a href="http://canlii.ca/s/2nxl">CCH</a> </em>case stated that while the effect of the dealing on the market of the copyright owner is an important factor, “it is neither the only factor nor the most important factor that a court must consider in deciding if the dealing is fair.”<em><sup> </sup></em>This means that a court may be able to conclude that a dealing is fair even if it harms the market for a work. In contrast, in the United States, the effect of the use upon the potential market for, or value of, the copyrighted work is “the most important, and indeed, the central fair use factor”. <em>Harper</em><em> &amp; Row, Publishers, Inc. v. Nation Enters.,</em> <a href="http://supreme.justia.com/us/471/539/case.html">471 U.S. 539</a>, (1985), <em>Bouchat v. Baltimore Ravens LP,</em> (<a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/36827154/Bouchat-v-Baltimore-Ravens-4th-Cir-Sept-2-2010">4th Cir. Sept. 2, 2010</a>)</p>
<p>Prof. Giuseppina D&#8217;Agostino, a professor of Intellectual Property at Osgoode Hall Law School, in her <a href="http://www.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=4839067&amp;Mode=1&amp;Parl=40&amp;Ses=3&amp;Language=E">testimony</a> before the Legislative Committee stated the following in relation to the proposed new fair dealing exception:</p>
<blockquote><p>This new purpose is too broad and invites years of litigation to clarify it, which will lead to access-to-justice issues and will force the courts to resolve matters that are for the government to legislate with confidence in so doing…</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>On fair dealing, one thing I haven&#8217;t talked about is my own analysis of the six factors. When you line up Canada with respect to the U.K. and the U.S., you see that the court says there are more or less six factors, and there could be more. At the same time, in terms of the effect of the dealing on the works&#8211;meaning the actual market considerations, the market substitute&#8211;the Supreme Court of Canada says that it&#8217;s not the only factor, nor the most important.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>We know that this is not the case in the U.K. and not the case in the U.S. What we have in Canada with CCH is a broad and liberal interpretation of both the actual purposes and the fairness factor. Left unchecked, the way it&#8217;s configured now means that when you compound education plus CCH, you will have something broad, unless we are able to itemize exactly what we mean.</p></blockquote>
<p>Ysolde Gendreau a professor of law at the University of Montreal and the President of Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale (ALAI Canada) in her <a href="http://www.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=4853934&amp;Mode=1&amp;Parl=40&amp;Ses=3&amp;Language=E">testimony</a> before the Legislative Committee stated the following:</p>
<blockquote><p>I would like to submit a few examples of this found in Bill C-32, which, in ALAI&#8217;s view, undermines the three-step principle, because these exceptions are too broad, because they are based on unrealistic conditions that, once again, make them too broad. Here we&#8217;re talking about fair dealing for the purpose of education, the new section 29. We&#8217;re talking about non-commercial user-generated content, private copying under section 29.22…</p></blockquote>
<p>In a law review article on the subject of the proposed fair dealing exception Professor Gendreau also expressed the opinion that the term “education” would not be read to mean “education in a structured context” and that the proposed exception would likely not meet any of the steps in the <em>Berne Three Step Test</em>.<a href="file:///C:/MyFiles/blogs/10779277v1%20-%20SOOKMAN%20COPYRIGHT%20BILL%20BLOG%20(2)%20plus%20(01).docx#_ftn6">[6]</a></p>
<p>Michael Geist published a series of blog posts commenting on the scope of this new exception including one entitled “<a href="http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/5519/125/">Clearing Up the Copyright Confusion: Fair Dealing and Bill C-32</a>”. He concluded that this amendment would not affect the balance between creators of educational materials and the users of such materials or negatively impact the market for publications. My colleague Dan Glover wrote a series of blog posts responding to the incorrect assertions made by Michael Geist and others and demonstrating the need for amendments to the new exception in order to meet Government’s objectives. The posts are:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2011/01/09/a-response-to-professor-michael-geist%E2%80%99s-clearing-up-the-copyright-confusion/">A Response to Professor Michael Geist’s Clearing Up the Copyright Confusion</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2011/01/26/en-reponse-a-%c2%abpour-demeler-la-confusion-a-l%e2%80%99egard-du-droit-d%e2%80%99auteur%c2%bb-clearing-up-the-copyright-confusion-du-professeur-michael-geist/">En réponse à Pour démêler la confusion à l’égard du droit d’auteur, du Professeur Michael Geist</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2011/02/22/clearing-up-the-copyright-confusion-part-ii/">Clearing Up the Copyright Confusion (Part II)</a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>The Copyright Exceptions to Encourage Innovation</strong><strong> </strong></p>
<p>Bill C-11 would create news exceptions for developing interoperable computer programs, encryption research, network security testing, and technological processes. The rationale for these exceptions is explained in the Government background documents as follows:</p>
<blockquote><p>The <em>Copyright Modernization Act</em> aims to eliminate some of the uncertainty facing innovative businesses. Provisions aimed at the software industry permit the reproduction of software and the hacking of digital locks in order to engage in reverse engineering, security testing and encryption research. Such provisions support, for example, companies that test software for security flaws and then develop and sell patches. Where copyright owners believe these tools have been misused, they will have recourse to deal with any infringement or inappropriate hacking of digital locks. The Bill also clarifies that companies do not face any copyright liability for technical copies that are essential but incidental to a product or service they offer.</p></blockquote>
<p>These amendments also need technical fixes to ensure that the Government`s objectives are met. The need for this was addressed by John Manley, the President and CEO of the Canadian Council of Chief Executives, in his <a href="http://www.ceocouncil.ca/wp-content/uploads/archives/Notes_for_remarks_by_The_Hon_John_Manley_re_Bill_C_32_December_8_2010.pdf">testimony</a> before the Legislative Committee. After stating that he strongly endorsed “the overall thrust of this legislation” he said:</p>
<blockquote><p>Having said that, I believe the committee may wish to consider certain technical changes to the bill so as to avoid unintended consequences. For example, important concerns have been raised with respect to the impact on Canada’s software industry of provisions dealing with encryption research, network security, reverse engineering and copying for interoperability purposes.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>In addition, some of the language dealing with user-generated content and copying for private purposes may be too broad.</p></blockquote>
<p>I also canvassed these amendments in a speech to the 14<sup>th</sup> Annual IT.Can Conference titled <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/10/30/bill-c-32s-impacts-on-the-it-community/">Bill C-32’s impacts on the IT community</a>.</p>
<p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>
<p>After many failed attempts to modernize Canada’s copyright laws, it now appears there is a Bill before Parliament that will do this. The <em>Copyright Modernization Act</em>, however, still requires careful scrutiny to ensure that appropriate technical amendments are made so that the Government’s objectives are met and to avoid significant inadvertent consequences inconsistent with the Government’s objectives.</p>
<hr size="1" /><a href="file:///C:/MyFiles/blogs/10779277v1%20-%20SOOKMAN%20COPYRIGHT%20BILL%20BLOG%20(2)%20plus%20(01).docx#_ftnref1">[1]</a> These are referred to collectively here as the “Government background documents”</p>
<p><a href="file:///C:/MyFiles/blogs/10779277v1%20-%20SOOKMAN%20COPYRIGHT%20BILL%20BLOG%20(2)%20plus%20(01).docx#_ftnref2">[2]</a> Michael Geist <a href="http://www.thestar.com/business/article/1063099--geist-why-canada-s-new-copyright-bill-remains-flawed">accuses</a> the book publishers of engaging in “a relentless misinformation campaign” against the fair dealing for education exception. His assertion is ironic since it is he that has engaged in this behaviour on copyright reform issues.</p>
<p><a href="file:///C:/MyFiles/blogs/10779277v1%20-%20SOOKMAN%20COPYRIGHT%20BILL%20BLOG%20(2)%20plus%20(01).docx#_ftnref3">[3]</a> See, James Gannon, <a href="http://jamesgannon.ca/2011/09/30/re-post-tpms-a-comprehensive-guide-for-canadian-copyright-law/">TPMs: A comprehensive guide for Canadian copyright law</a><strong> </strong></p>
<p><a href="file:///C:/MyFiles/blogs/10779277v1%20-%20SOOKMAN%20COPYRIGHT%20BILL%20BLOG%20(2)%20plus%20(01).docx#_ftnref4">[4]</a> See, Wikipedia, Warez http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warez</p>
<p><a href="file:///C:/MyFiles/blogs/10779277v1%20-%20SOOKMAN%20COPYRIGHT%20BILL%20BLOG%20(2)%20plus%20(01).docx#_ftnref5">[5]</a> Section 38.1(6)(d)</p>
<p><a href="file:///C:/MyFiles/blogs/10779277v1%20-%20SOOKMAN%20COPYRIGHT%20BILL%20BLOG%20(2)%20plus%20(01).docx#_ftnref6">[6]</a> Ysolde Gendreau <em>Canada and the Three Step test: A Step in Which Direction</em>? <a href="http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/iplr/vol15/iss2/3/">15 Intellectual Property L. Rev. 309 (2011)</a>. In the article she said:</p>
<blockquote><p>The purpose of education is introduced within the context of an exception, fair dealing, that does not have a statutory list of criteria for its evaluation. The fair dealing exception also entails that it applies to all categories of works and to all rights, reproduction rights as well as performing rights. Moreover, its application is not limited to educational institutions because of the following <em>a contrario</em> argument: the wording of the specific educational exceptions shows that they are intended for educational institutions while that of the fair dealing for the purpose of education makes no such mention. Consequently, the notion of education extends the application of this exception beyond educational institutions. Government representatives say that the exception is to be a test ground for exceptions that may eventually give rise to specific exceptions. However, they still maintain that it refers to education in a structured context.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>It is easy to doubt such a statement because educational institutions do represent a structured context. Courts are likely to say that, in the absence of a specific reference to such institutions, the reference to “education” is not limited to structured contexts. So this new exception would introduce a very broad notion of education in a statute that does not include criteria for the appreciation of fair use either.</p></blockquote>
<p>After discussing why the proposed exception would have difficulty passing all three of the three steps she concluded by saying:</p>
<blockquote><p>Generally speaking, since the three-step test has become the standard by which to judge exceptions, I would say there is a fairly strong case for stating that the proposed provision on fair dealing for the purpose of education is so broadly drafted that it goes against the three-step test of the Berne Convention and of the TRIPS Agreement.</p></blockquote>
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		<title>US court: Google book settlement not &#8220;fair, adequate and reasonable&#8221;</title>
		<link>http://www.barrysookman.com/2011/03/22/us-court-google-book-settlement-not-fair-adequate-and-reasonable/</link>
		<comments>http://www.barrysookman.com/2011/03/22/us-court-google-book-settlement-not-fair-adequate-and-reasonable/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 22 Mar 2011 23:09:06 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Barry Sookman</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Copyright]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Fair Use]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Google Book Scanning]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[book piracy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[authors guild]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[book scanning project]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[google]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.barrysookman.com/?p=2882</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[U.S.  Judge Denny Chin released his decision today on whether to approve the class action settlement with Google involving the Google book scanning project. Judge Chin rejected the settlement as not being fair, adequate, and reasonable.
His 48 page reasons were summarized as follows:
While the digitization of books and the creation of a universal digital library [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>U.S.  Judge Denny Chin released his <a href="http://1.usa.gov/fyLIB1">decision</a> today on whether to approve the class action settlement with Google involving the Google book scanning project. Judge Chin rejected the settlement as not being fair, adequate, and reasonable.</p>
<p>His 48 page reasons were summarized as follows:</p>
<blockquote><p>While the digitization of books and the creation of a universal digital library would benefit many, the ASA would simply go too far. It would permit this class action – which was brought against defendant Google Inc. (&#8220;Google” )to challenge its scanning of books and display of &#8220;snippets&#8221; for on-line searching to implement a forward-looking business arrangement that would grant Google significant rights to exploit entire books, without permission of the copyright owners. Indeed, the ASA would give Google a significant advantage over competitors, rewarding it for engaging in wholesale copying of copyrighted works without permission, while releasing claims well beyond those presented in the case.</p></blockquote>
<p>Although the motion for final approval of the agreement was denied, it was done “without prejudice to renewal in the event the parties negotiate a revised settlement agreement.”</p>
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		<slash:comments>2</slash:comments>
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		<title>En réponse à «Pour démêler la confusion à l’égard du droit d’auteur» (Clearing Up the Copyright Confusion), du Professeur Michael Geist</title>
		<link>http://www.barrysookman.com/2011/01/26/en-reponse-a-%c2%abpour-demeler-la-confusion-a-l%e2%80%99egard-du-droit-d%e2%80%99auteur%c2%bb-clearing-up-the-copyright-confusion-du-professeur-michael-geist/</link>
		<comments>http://www.barrysookman.com/2011/01/26/en-reponse-a-%c2%abpour-demeler-la-confusion-a-l%e2%80%99egard-du-droit-d%e2%80%99auteur%c2%bb-clearing-up-the-copyright-confusion-du-professeur-michael-geist/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 26 Jan 2011 13:42:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dan Glover</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Copyright]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Fair Dealing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Fair Use]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[berne three step test]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[c-32]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[copyright reform]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[fair dealing for education]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[C-11]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[fair dealing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[geist]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Par Dan Glover,* 9 janvier 2011 (version originale en Anglais)
 Résumé

La création d’œuvres protégées par le droit d’auteur pour fins pédagogiques est une entreprise importante et complexe, particulièrement dans un pays aussi vaste, diversifié et peu peuplé comme l’est le Canada. Il faudrait mener une réflexion approfondie avant d’instituer des règles d’utilisation équitable qui menaceraient l’édition [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Par Dan Glover,* 9 janvier 2011 (<a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2011/01/09/a-response-to-professor-michael-geist%E2%80%99s-clearing-up-the-copyright-confusion/">version originale en Anglais</a>)</p>
<p> <strong>Résumé</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>La création d’œuvres protégées par le droit d’auteur pour fins pédagogiques est une entreprise importante et complexe, particulièrement dans un pays aussi vaste, diversifié et peu peuplé comme l’est le Canada. Il faudrait mener une réflexion approfondie avant d’instituer des règles d’utilisation équitable qui menaceraient l’édition pédagogique.</strong></li>
<li><strong>L’équité est un concept subjectif qui doit être examiné au cas par cas. Six ans seulement après la décision historique de la Cour suprême dans la cause CCH concernant l’utilisation équitable, la voici saisie à nouveau !</strong></li>
<li><strong>En laissant soumise à un vague critère d’équité toute forme de copie ayant un rapport quelconque avec l’«éducation», le Canada risque de violer les accords internationaux dont il est signataire. Nulle part chez nos principaux partenaires commerciaux ne trouve-t-on un libellé aussi général et ambigu.  </strong></li>
<li><strong>Dans son désir de promouvoir les nouvelles technologies dans le cadre pédagogique, le gouvernement serait mieux de cibler des exceptions qui ne seront pas sujettes aux abus.</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong> </strong>*<strong>Dan Glover est un associé au sein du Groupe sur le droit de la propriété intellectuelle chez McCarthy Tétrault LLP. Ce commentaire est écrit à titre personnel.</strong></p>
<p><strong>* PDF <a href="http://www.scribd.com/full/47594982?access_key=key-2b8vpvf9hnamvrcqp2s8">@</a></strong></p>
<p><strong>1)       </strong><strong>Introduction</strong></p>
<p>Sous le titre «Clearing Up the Copyright Confusion: Fair Dealing and Bill C-32» (Pour démêler la confusion à l’égard du droit d’auteur: l’utilisation équitable et le projet de loi C-32), le professeur Michael Geist publiait sur son blogue un <a href="http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/5519/125/">commentaire</a> quant à l’ajout proposé d’un nouveau droit d’utilisation du type «utilisation équitable à des fins…  d’éducation».  Il en vient à conclure que cette réforme n’affectera en rien l’équilibre entre les créateurs de matériel pédagogique et leurs utilisateurs.</p>
<p>De tous les amendements d’une importance capitale proposés par le projet de loi C-32, celui-ci pourrait avoir le plus d’impact. En effet, monsieur Geist <a href="http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/5519/125/">souligne</a> lui-même que les institutions d’enseignement et les étudiants dépensent annuellement plus d’un milliard de dollars en livres et des centaines de millions pour l’accès à des banques de données pédagogiques. De plus, lors de son témoignage devant un comité parlementaire, une représentante d’Access Copyright, une association de titulaires de droits, <a href="http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=4853934&amp;Language=F&amp;Mode=1&amp;Parl=40&amp;Ses=3">indiquait</a> que plus d’un demi-milliard de pages étaient reproduites pour des fins pédagogiques au Canada. Or, sous la loi actuelle, la rétribution des auteurs pour ces copies vient de ce que seules celles faites aux fins de recherche ou d’étude privée sont exemptées de paiement. Cependant, avec la nouvelle loi, toute copie effectuée à des fins d’éducation le serait pour une fin permise par la loi, laissant à la justice le soin de déterminer si l’utilisation est équitable. Même si l’évaluation des pertes éventuelles subies par les éditeurs en conséquence des changements proposés n’est pas une science exacte, les estimations déposées devant le comité parlementaire variaient de <a href="http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=4867858&amp;Language=F&amp;Mode=1&amp;Parl=40&amp;Ses=3">40 millions de dollars par année</a> (Carole Lavallée et Serge Cardin, députés bloquistes) à <a href="http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=4853934&amp;Language=F&amp;Mode=1&amp;Parl=40&amp;Ses=3">60 millions par année</a> (Access Copyright). À cause de l’ampleur de la réforme, à la fois le parti <a href="http://www.liberal.ca/newsroom/news-release/liberals-propose-amendments-conservatives-copyright-bill-protect-rights-artists/">Libéral</a> et le <a href="http://www.blocquebecois.org/bloc.aspx?bloc=aa5a0a15-b441-44ba-979d-e1a138c1a59e">Bloc québécois</a> ont indiqué qu’ils verraient à amender cette disposition.</p>
<p>Il faut également garder en mémoire que le marché pédagogique canadien est un écosystème complexe dont les caractéristiques sont absentes des marchés plus importants comme ceux des États-Unis. Au Canada, certains titres seront largement distribués alors que plusieurs autres sont destinés à des marchés beaucoup plus restreints. Tout règlement législatif doit tenir compte de ces écarts de manière à ne pas décourager les auteurs et les éditeurs de publier du nouveau matériel pédagogique pour ces petits marchés, comme ceux des minorités linguistiques ou culturelles. Avec tout ce qui est en jeu, il est essentiel de bien évaluer les conséquences de cette disposition.</p>
<p>Je ne partage malheureusement pas la conviction du professeur Geist voulant que cet amendement favorise la promotion des nouvelles technologies sans pour autant nuire aux intérêts des auteurs et des éditeurs. Je suis convaincu, en particulier, que le professeur Geist sous-estime grandement l’impact éventuel de la nouvelle exception pour fins d’éducation de l’utilisation équitable. Cela tient en partie à ce qu’il prête une trop grande foi dans la capacité de la deuxième étape du test d’utilisation équitable à régir les comportements sur le marché. De plus, le relevé des autres lois que fait le professeur Geist omet de faire une analyse de principe quant à savoir si l’exception proposée risque de mettre le Canada en porte à faux à l’égard de ses engagements internationaux, particulièrement en ce qui a trait au test en trois étapes enchâssé dans les ADPICS et dans la Convention de Berne pour la protection des œuvres littéraires et artistiques.</p>
<p>Quoique le présent texte soit le reflet d’une opinion personnelle et qu’il ait été écrit durant mes heures de loisir, une bonne part de mon expertise a été acquise à titre d’avocat-conseil pour plusieurs organismes représentant des titulaires de droits d’auteur. J’ai également conseillé plusieurs utilisateurs institutionnels sur leurs droits à l’utilisation équitable et je suis conscient qu’ils ont un véritable souci de bien gérer l’utilisation des ouvrages protégés dans un contexte technologique complexe.</p>
<p>Comme dernier élément introductif, j’aimerais préciser qu’il n’est pas toujours facile de répondre au professeur Geist principalement à cause de sa tendance à faire des déclarations percutantes sans explication ni source. Ainsi cet <a href="http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/5519/125/">énoncé</a> qui dit que : «Les institutions d’enseignement et les étudiants dépensent plus d’un milliard de dollars annuellement pour des livres et des centaines de millions en droit de licence pour des banques de données. Cette situation ne changera pas si l’on inclut l’éducation dans l’usage équitable.» [ Traduction ] Le professeur Geist ne donne aucune source ni ne fournit aucune raison justifiant cette prédiction d’importance capitale. De surcroît, il ne tenait pas le même discours lors de son <a href="http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=4839067&amp;Language=E&amp;Mode=1&amp;Parl=40&amp;Ses=3">témoignage</a> devant le comité parlementaire alors qu’il admettait que la réforme de l’utilisation équitable pour l’éducation ferait perdre des revenus aux auteurs et aux éditeurs :</p>
<blockquote><p><strong><em>M. Pablo Rodriguez (Honoré-Mercier, Libéral) :</em></strong></p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><em>En ce qui a trait à l’éducation, ne pensez-vous pas que l’exemption  priverait de revenus certains des créateurs, des auteurs ou des producteurs?</em></p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><strong><em>Professeur Michael Geist :</em></strong></p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><em>Oui. Comme je le mentionnais dans mes remarques liminaires, je pense que toute copie, y inclus celle sous la nouvelle exception pour l’éducation, doit être équitable. <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Ce serait mentir que de plaider qu’il n’y aura pas de copie aujourd’hui compensée qui pourrait dorénavant tomber sous la notion d’utilisation équitable</span></em>, <em>mais, par définition, toute copie qui se qualifierait en fonction de l’analyse de la cour serait équitable. </em>[Traduction – Nous soulignons]</p></blockquote>
<p>Au vu de telles contradictions dans les messages, tout comme de l’accusation <em>ad hominem</em> disant que les titulaires de droits ont fait «des déclarations trompeuses quant à des pertes éventuelles, des commentaires inexacts sur le droit d’auteur et le matériel Internet, et apporté des arguments douteux en ce qui a trait à la conformité des réformes en regard du droit international», il est devenu nécessaire de répondre dans le détail aux articles, entrées de blogue et témoignages de monsieur Geist.</p>
<p><strong>2)                   </strong><strong>L’importance de l’édition pédagogique</strong></p>
<p>Le Canada n’est pas le premier pays à considérer sérieusement la création d’exceptions au droit d’auteur afin de réduire les dépenses publiques en éducation. Si le professeur Geist prend l’exemple des États-Unis et d’Israël à l’appui du résultat qu’il souhaite, l’expérience vécue au Royaume-Uni illustre bien pourquoi une telle exception peut mener à des résultats imprévus et peu souhaitables.</p>
<p>Dans ce pays, les arguments en faveur de ne pas traiter différemment l’édition pédagogique des autres secteurs d’édition ont été avancés dans le Rapport Whitford dès 1977. Des décennies avant l’arrivée de l’internet, les auteurs du rapport ont reconnu qu’une friction permanente existait entre la volonté des éducateurs de promouvoir de «nouvelles méthodes d’enseignement» et les droits des éditeurs et des auteurs. La conclusion du comité Whitford, qu’il vaut la peine de citer longuement, fut que les gouvernements devraient résister à la tentation de réduire les dépenses en éducation au détriment des auteurs et des éditeurs en raison du fait que cela va à l’encontre du but recherché :</p>
<blockquote><p><em>Les besoins en éducation sont en mutation dans la société moderne. Dans le contexte éducatif actuel […] on ne considère plus comme opportun de fournir des manuels à chaque élève. On nous a dit que les nouvelles méthodes pédagogiques exigent que l’on utilise un large éventail de matériel pédagogique pour satisfaire les besoins de chaque étudiant ou groupe d’étudiants. On nous dit que cette notion d’«apprentissage basé sur les ressources», qu’elle s’applique à une activité individuelle ou en classe, exige d’avoir à disposition une variété de matériel issu d’une pluralité de sources.</em></p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><em>[…]</em></p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><em>Au vu du problème que pose l’accroissement de la reprographie pour le système d’éducation depuis l’époque du comité Gregory, nous nous sommes d’abord penchés sur la question de savoir s’il devrait y avoir des exceptions particulières en faveur des établissements d’éducation. Le fait que l’«éducation» soit une bonne cause ne constitue pas en soi une justification pour priver les titulaires de droit d’auteur d’une rémunération. Personne ne suggère que les fabricants de cahiers, de compas et de règles fournissent gratuitement ces produits aux établissements d’éducation. Quoique le genre de matériel utilisé de nos jours dans ces établissements soit très différent et beaucoup plus diversifié que</em> <em>les manuels d’antan, l’éducation dépend encore en large part du travail des auteurs, des artistes et des compositeurs. L’éducation dépend tout autant du travail des éditeurs qui, les premiers, ont produit le matériel que les autorités veulent reproduire à des fins pédagogiques. </em>[ Traduction ]</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><em>(Report of the Committee to consider the Law on Copyright and Designs (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1977, §§ 254-56, 268-69)</em></p></blockquote>
<p>Lors de son évaluation de problèmes similaires dans un récent litige entre éducateurs et auteurs, le tribunal britannique du droit d’auteur a réaffirmé les conclusions du rapport Whitford et prévenu que de traverser cette ligne pourrait mener à la destruction d’une relation symbiotique de longue date entre les éditeurs et le système d’éducation :</p>
<blockquote><p><em>En refusant de créer une exception généralisée en faveur des institutions d’enseignement, la législature a trouvé un équilibre entre les intérêts des titulaires de droit d’auteur, d’une part, et ceux du secteur pédagogique d’autre part. La santé de l’industrie de l’édition est importante en général, mais elle est d’une importance particulière pour ceux qui sont dans le secteur de l’éducation. Une exemption tous azimuts des droits d’auteurs pour les institutions d’enseignement serait dommageable pour l’industrie de l’édition et, en conséquence, pour l’éducation. D’un autre côté, l’industrie de l’édition dépend des auteurs pour une grande part du matériau de base. Si le secteur éducatif se trouve trop accablé par des restrictions sur le droit d’auteur, l’enseignement et le savoir s’en trouvent découragés au détriment de l’intérêt public en général et de l’industrie de l’édition en particulier. Ceci est un bon exemple d’une relation symbiotique. </em>[ Traduction ]</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><em>(Universities UK Ltd vs Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd </em><a href="http://oxcheps.new.ox.ac.uk/new/casebook/cases/Cases%20Chapter%2017/Universities%20U%20K%20Ltd%20v%20Copyright%20Licensing%20Agency%20Ltd.doc">[2002] E.M.L.R. 35</a>)<em></em></p></blockquote>
<p>Comme je le préciserai à la fin du présent commentaire, cette relation symbiotique serait mieux instituée au Canada<em> </em>en mettant en place une série d’exceptions ciblées pour atteindre des objectifs concrets, un chemin qui réduirait l’impact sur le secteur de l’édition pédagogique tout en appuyant les intérêts des enseignants dans le développement de nouvelles méthodes pour rejoindre les étudiants.</p>
<p><strong>3)                   </strong><strong>La loi canadienne dispose-t-elle de règles fermes pour gérer l’utilisation équitable?</strong></p>
<p>L’hypothèse de loin la plus importante sous-jacente aux propos du professeur Geist dans son blogue est que la réforme n’aura pas ou peu d’effet sur le droit d’auteur parce que ce droit se limite aux transactions dites «équitables». Dans son esprit, les auteurs seront protégés parce que les juges sont « tenus d’évaluer l’équité de toute utilisation – incluant celle à des fins d’éducation  – avant qu’elle ne soit déclarée utilisation équitable ». Puisque la réforme touchant l’«éducation» n’affecte que la première portion du test d’utilisation équitable, celle des «fins admissibles», il en conclut que rien ne changera. (Sur cette question, voir également <a href="http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/5271/125/">le blogue de septembre</a> du professeur Geist.) </p>
<p>L’immuabilité des règles établies par les cours a également été un important sujet de discussion de la part du gouvernement. Témoignant devant le comité parlementaire chargé d’examiner le projet de loi C-32, le ministre de l’Industrie Tony Clement <a href="http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=4814302&amp;Mode=1&amp;Parl=40&amp;Ses=3&amp;Language=F">déclarait</a>:</p>
<blockquote><p><em>Je veux apaiser le comité en ce qui concerne l&#8217;éducation, parce qu&#8217;il s&#8217;agit d&#8217;une autre question qui sera soulevée: le fait que nous avons ajouté l&#8217;éducation dans le concept d&#8217;utilisation équitable. Encore une fois, je sais que je suis à une séance qui porte sur le droit d&#8217;auteur; je vais donc attribuer mes observations au professeur Geist, qui m&#8217;a appris qu&#8217;utilisation équitable n&#8217;est pas synonyme d&#8217;utilisation gratuite et qu&#8217;en fait, il y a une grande différence entre les deux.</em></p></blockquote>
<p><em>« Utilisation équitable » signifie que l&#8217;oeuvre doit être employée à une fin non commerciale, que la version originale a été acquise légalement et que l&#8217;utilisation de la version originale ne nuira pas aux ventes de l&#8217;oeuvre. C&#8217;est très différent que de dire simplement que parce qu&#8217;on a inclus l&#8217;éducation dans le concept de l&#8217;utilisation équitable, il n&#8217;y a plus de règles. C&#8217;est faux: les règles existent toujours et elles visent à établir l&#8217;équilibre. Encore une fois, je tiens à vous en assurer.</em></p>
<p>Cette affirmation requiert des éclaircissements. D’une importance capitale, les trois «règles» évoquées dans le deuxième paragraphe de cette déclaration <span style="text-decoration: underline;">ne reflètent pas</span> la loi canadienne. Dans sa décision historique <em>CCH Canadian Ltd v. Law Society of Upper Canada</em>, <a href="http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/fr/2004/2004csc13/2004csc13.html">2004 SCC 13</a>,  la Cour suprême a unanimement statué que (i) l’utilisation commerciale et à but lucratif <span style="text-decoration: underline;">pouvait</span> être considérée comme une utilisation équitable (§ 51) et que (ii) l’effet de l’utilisation sur le marché pour le détenteur de droit n’est ni le seul ni le plus important facteur à considérer pour déterminer si une utilisation est équitable (§ 59). Dans cette décision, la Cour suprême, ni aucune autre instance d’ailleurs, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">ne stipule pas</span> que l’œuvre originale doit être légalement acquise. Finalement, la Cour suprême statue qu’il n’y a aucun test reconnu pour déterminer l’utilisation équitable : l’utilisation équitable étant une question de fait, elle dépendra chaque fois des faits (§§ 52-53).</p>
<p>Nonobstant ces remarques, les justifications du professeur Geist à l’égard de la réforme reposent sur l’hypothèse que les «règles» d’équité établies par les cours éviteront de perturber le marché. Avec tout le respect qui lui est dû, il s’agit là d’une profession de foi douteuse au vu du passé canadien et américain.</p>
<p>Le premier problème que l’on rencontre est l’instabilité notoire du test d’équité de la <em>CCH</em>. Cette instabilité a été soulignée dans la <a href="http://www.scc-csc.gc.ca/case-dossier/cms-sgd/dock-regi-fra.aspx?cas=33800">décision</a> de la Cour suprême acceptant d’entendre l’appel de la SOCAN qui contestait un <a href="http://www.canlii.org/fr/ca/caf/doc/2010/2010caf123/2010caf123.html">jugement</a> dans une cause d’utilisation équitable où le tribunal avait statué que «l’utilisation équitable pour fins de recherche» pouvait inclure des extraits de chansons vendues commercialement. Dans sa demande d’autorisation d’appel, la SOCAN arguait que la Cour d’appel fédérale était considérablement divisée sur la façon dont le droit canadien considérait le test d’équité. Nombre de <a href="http://excesscopyright.blogspot.com/2010/12/leave-to-appeal-granted-in-socan-itunes.html">commentateurs</a> ont aussi prédit que l’appel de la SOCAN sera suivi d’un appel d’une autre <a href="http://www.canlii.org/fr/ca/caf/doc/2010/2010caf198/2010caf198.html">décision</a> de la Cour d’appel fédérale statuant que l’utilisation en classe de matériel pédagogique n’entrait pas dans la définition d’utilisation équitable aux fins de recherche ou d’étude privée.</p>
<p>Ainsi, l’assurance et les garanties offertes par le ministre Clement qui trouvent écho chez le professeur Geist ne relèvent pas de l’évidence légale. Puisque le test d’équité relève d’une analyse discrétionnaire, sans cesse renouvelée et au cas pas cas, il <span style="text-decoration: underline;">ne fournit pas</span> les règles fermes qu’ils évoquent. Le test d’équité est notoirement mou et subjectif. Il relève presque toujours du jugement de celui qui copie. Cette indétermination explique pourquoi le réformateur américain bien connu Lawrence Lessig a qualifié l’usage équitable de système «étonnamment mauvais» équivalant à peu de choses près au seul «droit d’embaucher un avocat» [ Traduction ] (Lawrence Lessig, <a href="http://www.free-culture.cc/freeculture.pdf">Free Culture</a>, p. 187).</p>
<p>La position canadienne pour contrebalancer la mollesse du test d’équité a toujours été de maintenir un test ferme de «fins admissibles» comme seuil au droit d’utilisation équitable.  Si quelqu’un ne peut pas dire que son œuvre est faite expressément à des fins de recherche, d’étude privée, de critique, de compte-rendu ou de communication de nouvelles, le débat est clos. L’œuvre n’est tout simplement pas considérée au titre d’utilisation équitable. Ceci s’oppose à ce qui prévaut aux États-Unis où les utilisateurs souhaitant reproduire gratuitement une œuvre peuvent offrir n’importe laquelle justification  « équitable » et, dans les faits, défier les titulaires de droits de les poursuivre en justice.</p>
<p>C’est précisément le besoin de stabilité dans la détermination du seuil au droit d’utilisation équitable qui justifie pourquoi le gouvernement devrait réfléchir mûrement avant d’utiliser un terme à la portée aussi vaste comme une des « fins admissibles ». Comme le note le professeur Geist à l’item 10 de son <a href="http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/5519/125/">blogue</a>,  la Cour suprême a interprété le terme «éducation» de manière large de façon à inclure «des initiatives d’apprentissage plus informelles comme en formation dynamique de la vie, ou en fournissant des informations pratiques». En appliquant cette formulation au test d’utilisation équitable, le seuil critique serait éliminé eu égard à toute personne «fournissant des informations pratiques». Tout ce qui resterait serait le test mou en matière d’équité et l’utilisateur, seul devant la photocopieuse.</p>
<p><strong>4)                   </strong><strong>La réforme proposée est-elle trop ambigüe?</strong></p>
<p>Au deuxième article de son blogue, le professeur Geist s’en prend à l’affirmation faite par l’auteur Douglas Arthur Brown lors de son <a href="http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Mode=1&amp;Parl=40&amp;Ses=3&amp;DocId=4884850&amp;File=0&amp;Language=F">témoignage</a> devant le comité législatif et voulant que «… jusqu&#8217;à présent, personne ne sait vraiment ce que signifie « utilisation équitable aux fins d&#8217;éducation » — à part davantage de copies sans rémunération pour les créateurs et plus de poursuites en justice onéreuses.» Plutôt que de discuter des mérites de l’argument de Monsieur Brown, le professeur Geist les rejette d’emblée citant un mémoire de demande d’autorisation à la Cour suprême de la part d’Access Copyright. Cette tactique de désamorçage lui permet de passer par-dessus une objection de taille à sa prétention voulant que le test d’équité fournisse des garanties suffisantes aux créateurs.</p>
<p>Le professeur Geist insinue à plusieurs reprises que parce que les tribunaux seront en mesure de distinguer entre les utilisations équitables et non équitables, la stabilité s’ensuivra. Les utilisations équitables resteront gratuites et l’on traitera des utilisations illicites de manière appropriée sous forme de dommages ou de tarifs. Grâce à cette stabilité, les institutions et autres utilisateurs d’importance développeront des politiques pour informer précisément les gens sur ce qui est équitable ou non et ces principes seront suivis couramment.</p>
<p>Du point de vue d’un avocat qui pratique le droit, ces prétentions  apparaissent désespérément naïves, et ce, parce qu’il est impossible de modeler un comportement de manière constructive à partir d’une règle dont la nature même est ambiguë.</p>
<p>Le droit d’utilisation proposé contient trois ambiguïtés fondamentales. La première concerne le sens du mot «éducation» et la seconde, le sens du mot «équitable». La troisième ambiguïté engage toutes les institutions qui jouent un rôle dans la copie des œuvres pour d’autres utilisateurs : même si la preuve peut être faite que ces tiers utilisateurs en ont fait une utilisation inéquitable, l’institution ayant fait la copie peut néanmoins réclamer l’immunité en arguant que ses pratiques et ses politiques en matière de copie étaient «équitables et à des fins d’éducation». Tout avocat de pratique sait que les ambiguïtés sont (i) interprétées selon le propre intérêt de chaque partie et (ii) extrêmement coûteuses en temps et en argent.</p>
<p>Si le projet actuel devenait loi, la première ambiguïté aurait comme résultat qu’un grand nombre d’utilisateurs plaideraient le fait que leurs copies ont été faites à des fins d’éducation, que ceux-ci tombent dans la catégorie des enseignants rémunérés par les provinces et qui copient des extraits importants d’une œuvre aux fins d’analyse en classe, ce qui est l’intention probable du projet de loi, ou qu’ils tombent dans la catégorie des «professeurs de yoga», ce qui n’est pas l’intention probable du projet de loi. Inévitablement, ces derniers s’en réfèreront à la décision de la Cour suprême dans la cause de la <a href="http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/fr/2004/2004csc13/2004csc13.html"><em>CCH</em></a> et celle de la <a href="http://csc.lexum.umontreal.ca/fr/1999/1999rcs1-10/1999rcs1-10.html"><em>Vancouver Society of Immigrant and Visible Minority Women v. M.N.R.</em></a> pour appuyer les revendications les plus farfelues.</p>
<p>La deuxième ambiguïté permet à  tout utilisateur d’un ouvrage protégé par le droit d’auteur ayant un rapport quelconque avec l’éducation de déterminer l’équité d’une utilisation. Si une utilisation «équitable» est gratuite et qu’une utilisation «non équitable» entraîne des coûts administratifs et financiers importants, il est tout naturel que tout utilisateur d’œuvre protégée en conclue que son utilisation est «équitable». La tentation devient encore plus grande quand on s’aperçoit qu’il est pratiquement impossible pour les titulaires de droits de s’attaquer à plus petit que les plus grosses institutions.</p>
<p>Cette deuxième ambiguïté menace également de mener à des résultats contradictoires lorsqu’une cause est soumise à un tribunal, alors que les avocats vont mettre à profit leur ingéniosité et leurs recherches considérables pour déterminer ce qui est équitable et ce qui ne l’est pas. La bataille est ouverte au Canada depuis que la Cour suprême a maintenu que les conséquences commerciales d’une utilisation d’une œuvre originale <span style="text-decoration: underline;">n’étaient pas</span> le premier critère d’évaluation de l’équité. Cela déroge considérablement de la norme qui prévaut sous d’autres juridictions. Que l’on compare par exemple aux causes américaines <em>Harper &amp; Row, Publishers, Inc v. Nation Enters., </em><a href="http://supreme.justia.com/us/471/539/case.html">471 U.S. 539</a>, 566 (1985) et <em>Bouchat v. Baltimore Ravens LP, </em>(<a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/36827154/Bouchat-v-Baltimore-Ravens-4th-Cir-Sept-2-2010">4th Cir. Sept. 2, 2010</a>)  au § 13, où l’on dit que les conséquences commerciales sont « l’élément le plus important pour déterminer l’utilisation équitable». Aux États-Unis, où la seule préoccupation est de savoir si une utilisation est équitable, les <a href="http://www.law.duke.edu/shell/cite.pl?66+Law+&amp;+Contemp.+Probs.+263+(WinterSpring+2003)">spécialistes</a> ont démontré que les tribunaux ont statué de façon contradictoire à cet égard ce qui rend la prédiction d’un verdict à peu près impossible. La conséquence évidente d’une telle incertitude est que la loi ne parvient pas à servir de guide ni aux titulaires de droits, ni aux utilisateurs, et ce, à un coût social exorbitant.</p>
<p>Le jugement dans la cause CCH soulève une troisième ambiguïté importante en ce qui a trait aux circonstances en vertu desquelles une institution sera responsable des copies faites par des gens agissant sous son autorité ou profitant de ses installations et services. Cela parce que la Cour suprême a créé une défense généralisée de la violation des droits d’auteur en disant : «La personne ou l’établissement qui invoque l’exception prévue à l’art. 29 doit seulement prouver qu’il a utilisé l’œuvre protégée aux fins de recherche ou d’étude privée et que cette utilisation était équitable.  Il peut le faire en établissant soit que ses propres pratiques et politiques étaient axées sur la recherche et équitables, soit que toutes les utilisations individuelles des ouvrages étaient de fait axées sur la recherche et équitables.» (§63) Pour <em>CCH</em>, cela voulait dire que la Grande Bibliothèque ne pouvait être responsable des utilisations non équitables par ses usagers, mais qu’elle pouvait s’appuyer sur une défense absolue voulant qu’elle ait elle-même des pratiques et des politiques équitables.</p>
<p>Si le projet de loi venait à passer, il appert que les institutions d’enseignement pourraient s’appuyer sur le même concept dans le cas de la copie pour fins d’éducation. Devant une telle occasion, il serait sage que les institutions se dotent immédiatement de politiques et de pratiques «équitables» comme bouclier contre des poursuites pour violation des droits d’auteur ou pour le paiement de compensations financières. Les institutions pourront alors lever ces boucliers et ce, que les utilisateurs eux-mêmes agissent équitablement ou non. Un détenteur de droit le moindrement rationnel hésitera longtemps avant de dépenser des sommes considérables, si tant est qu’il en ait, pour tenter de convaincre un tribunal qu’une certaine politique «équitable» ne masque en fait qu’une pratique inéquitable.</p>
<p>La possibilité que ces ambiguïtés mènent à une série de batailles juridiques onéreuses n’est pas simplement théorique. Comme je le mentionnais, la Cour suprême procédera cette année à la <a href="http://www.scc-csc.gc.ca/case-dossier/cms-sgd/dock-regi-eng.aspx?cas=33800">demande</a> de la SOCAN au réexamen d’une décision d’utilisation équitable que la Commission du droit d’auteur au Canada et la Cour d’appel fédérale avaient jugée applicable dans le cas de services commerciaux offrant à d’éventuels acheteurs des extraits numériques de trente secondes à titre d’illustration. La SOCAN arguera que la portée sémantique de la notion de «recherche» a été étendue largement au-delà des limites courantes, alors que les distributeurs argueront que la «recherche» est une notion neutre et flexible qui peut être appliquée à ce genre d’activité. La seule certitude que l’on ait c’est qu’en bout de piste le procès aura coûté des millions de dollars. Les deux parties vont se réclamer abondamment de la décision <em>CCH</em> rendue en 2004 par la Cour suprême, laquelle portait <span style="text-decoration: underline;">également</span> sur l’utilisation équitable aux fins de recherche, mais qui a laissé en place une foule d’incertitudes quant aux limites de la «recherche» et à la nature de l’«équité».</p>
<p>Le simple fait que la Cour suprême devra à nouveau se pencher sur la même petite clause de la <em>Loi sur</em> <em>le droit d’auteur</em> prouve que cette combinaison d’ambiguïtés est dangereuse et coûteuse. Aux États-Unis, les complexités reliées à l’usage équitable ont mené à quatre visites à la Cour suprême, un résultat que ridiculisait l’expert en droit d’auteur David Nimmer qui écrivait qu’il s’agissait «d’un système dont le résultat final aurait été le même… si le Congrès avait mis en place une cible de jeu de fléchettes plutôt que ces quatre facteurs d’usage équitable inscrits dans la <em>Loi sur le droit d’auteur</em>» [ Traduction ] (David Nimmer, “‘Fairest of them All’ and Other Fairy Tales of Fair Use” <a href="http://www.law.duke.edu/shell/cite.pl?66+Law+&amp;+Contemp.+Probs.+263+(WinterSpring+2003))+pdf">(2003) 66 Law and Contemporary Problems 263</a> à p. 280. D’autres impacts sont discutés abondamment dans Sookman &amp; Glover, “Why Canada Should Not Adopt “Fair Use” <a href="http://ohrlp.ca/images/articles/Volume3/barry%20sookman%20and%20dan%20glover,%20why%20canada%20should%20not%20adopt%20fair%20use%20(2009)%202%20osgoode%20hall%20rev.l.pol/">(2009) Osgoode Hall Rev.L.Pol’y 139</a>, qui conclue qu’un système trop ouvert risque de nuire autant aux titulaires de droits qu’aux usagers.</p>
<p><strong>5)                   </strong><strong>La portée sémantique d’«éducation» se voit-elle ailleurs?</strong></p>
<p>Les titulaires de droits inquiets de la réforme ont souligné que le terme «éducation» pouvait signifier différentes choses pour différentes personnes, une équivoque que l’on ne souhaite pas pour un terme ayant un tel poids juridique. En conséquence, le parlement devrait s’interroger sur l’opportunité d’introduire dans la loi canadienne un terme pouvant s’appliquer dans son acception étroite à l’enseignement en classe ou, dans une acception large, à toute activité reliée à de l’apprentissage formel ou informel.</p>
<p>Tout en reconnaissant que la Cour suprême a interprétée terme «éducation» de manière très large dans la cause de la <a href="http://csc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999scr1-10/1999scr1-10.html"><em>Vancouver Society of Immigrant and Visible Minority Women</em> v. <em>M.N.R</em><em>.</em></a>, le professeur Geist prétend que le changement proposé par le projet de loi C-32 donnerait lieu à une évolution et non à une révolution. Par ailleurs, il est incapable de mentionner un seul système législatif sur toute la planète qui serait allé aussi loin que d’adopter un droit d’utilisation équitable pour des fins d’«éducation» plutôt que pour des activités pédagogiques mieux définies.</p>
<p>Ceux que le professeur Geist cite comme s’en rapprochant le plus étant Israël, qui approuve comme fin admissible les activités spécifiques «d’enseignement (<em>instruction</em>) et d’examen par une institution d’enseignement», et les États-Unis, qui considèrent comme fins admissibles : «l’enseignement (<em>teaching</em>) (incluant les multiples copies pour l’utilisation en classe», le «scholarship» et la «recherche».</p>
<p>Une étude attentive de la<em> </em><a href="http://www.law.co.il/media/computer-law/copyright_act_english.pdf"><em>Loi israélienne du droit d’auteur</em></a>  montre que sa notion d’exception pédagogique est beaucoup plus limitée que ne le propose la réforme canadienne. La section 19 de la Loi ne s’applique pas à toute activité pédagogique, mais plutôt à celles que le législateur considère comme équitables, soit l’«enseignement» (<em>instruction</em>) et l’«examen». Ces copies ne peuvent être faites par n’importe qui, mais seulement par les institutions d’enseignement relevant du ministère de l’Éducation telles que définies à la section 67 de la <em>Loi</em> <em>israélienne sur le droit d’auteur</em>.</p>
<p>Les termes utilisés dans le <em>U.S. Copyright Act</em> ont également une portée étroite. Cela, non seulement parce qu’«enseignement» (<em>teaching</em>), «scholarship» et «recherche» sont des aspects spécifiques de l’«éducation», mais aussi par ce que, de façon générale, les tribunaux américains ont résisté à la tentation d’en élargir la portée. Dans des causes comme <em>American Medical Colleges v. Mikaelian,</em> <a href="http://ftp.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/793/793.F2d.533.85-5613.htmlhttp:/ftp.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/793/793.F2d.533.85-5613.html">734 F. 2d 3</a> (3d. Cir. 1984) et <em>Rubin v. Boston Magazine Co.,</em> <a href="http://www.leagle.com/xmlResult.aspx?xmldoc=1981725645F2d80_1703.xml&amp;docbase=CSLWAR1-1950-1985">645 F. 2d 80</a> (1st Cir. 1981) on a interprété «enseignement», «scholarship» et «recherche» de manière raisonnable en se demandant si l’«étudiant» nommé à titre de bénéficiaire recevait un diplôme, une certification ou une qualification quelconque à l’issue du cours, ou s’il se servait de ce cours comme prérequis à une formation ou à une éducation plus poussée. À l’opposé, il n’est pas évident que quelque tribunal inférieur que ce soit au Canada pourrait en faire autant sur la foi, d’une part, de la déclaration de la Cour suprême dans la cause <em>CCH</em> qui dit que l’utilisation équitable est « un droit d’usager… qui ne doit pas être interprété de manière restrictive » et, d’autre part, étant donnée son interprétation très large du terme «éducation» dans la cause de la <a href="http://csc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1999/1999scr1-10/1999scr1-10.html"><em>Vancouver Society of Immigrant and Visible Minority Women </em>v. <em>M.N.R.</em></a></p>
<p>L’exemple américain engage également à la prudence dans la mesure où l’on continue à y voir d’importants litiges en matière d’équité. Alors que dans son <a href="http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/5519/125/">blogue</a> le professeur Geist déclare que «les juridictions ayant des dispositions beaucoup plus générales quant à l’utilisation et à l’usage équitables ne voient que rarement des litiges d’importance entre les éditeurs et les institutions d’enseignement»  [ Traduction ] et donne en exemple «les États-Unis, beaucoup plus procéduriers» [ Traduction ], un coup d’œil au fouillis <a href="http://dockets.justia.com/docket/georgia/gandce/1:2008cv01425/150651/">du registre des procédures</a> dans la <a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/38583528/Cambridge-University-Press-v-Becker-N-D-Ga-Sept-30-2010">cause</a> hautement contestée intentée par les éditeurs contre l’université d’état de la Georgie prouve le contraire.  Cette saga laisse entendre que la doctrine américaine de l’usage équitable continue à soulever des questions épineuses et à un coût élevé pour les titulaires de droit et les utilisateurs. Après deux ans de litige, l’impasse règne toujours entre les parties et les <a href="http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/43500-a-failure-to-communicate.html">analystes</a> sont loin d’être convaincus que la cause ne fournisse jamais des critères stricts quant à une activité acceptable en milieu académique.</p>
<p>Peut-être inquiets du modèle américain, la majorité des législateurs du reste du monde ont procédé avec plus de prudence en restreignant plusieurs exceptions pédagogiques à des exceptions ciblées comme dans le cas de l’Union européenne. L’approche de la Nouvelle-Zélande est typique à cet égard alors que sa <em>Loi sur le droit d’auteur</em> nouvellement amendée indique à la section <a href="http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1994/0143/latest/DLM1704607.html">44A</a> que les institutions d’enseignement n’enfreindront pas le droit d’auteur si elles mettent en mémoire la copie «d’une œuvre rendue disponible sur un site web ou un autre système électronique de récupération» <span style="text-decoration: underline;">seulement</span> si le matériel en question est : a) est archivé pour des fins pédagogiques ; b) présenté sous un identificateur ou dans un cadre différent ; c) identifie le nom de l’auteur lorsqu’il est connu de même que la source de l’œuvre ; d) identifie l’institution d’enseignement et la date de l’archivage ; et e) est disponible uniquement pour les usagers autorisés. [ Traduction ]  Si la mise en place de ce type de dispositions exige plus de temps et de soin, elle a le mérite de baliser clairement les règles tant pour les éditeurs que pour les usagers des œuvres et sans imposer des barrières technologiques insurmontables. De la même manière la législation sur le droit d’auteur en <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca1968133/">Australie</a> (voir les parties VA et VB) et au <a href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/contents">Royaume-Uni</a> (voir les sections 32-36) penchent en faveur d’une approche graduelle et ciblée des exceptions pédagogiques.</p>
<p><strong>6)                   </strong><strong>La réforme canadienne satisfera-t-elle aux exigences du test en trois étapes ?</strong></p>
<p>Le Canada, en tant que signataire de la Convention de Berne et de l’accord ADPIC et engagé dans des négociations de libre-échange avec l’Union européenne qui toucheront les questions de propriété intellectuelle, doit se demander si ses politiques respectent les normes et pratiques internationales. On ne trouve qu’une analyse minimaliste de cette question sur le blogue du professeur Geist dans lequel il conclut que puisqu’il n’y a pas eu de poursuite entreprise à l’encontre des régimes américains et israéliens, plus étroits, l’éventualité d’une contestation internationale à l’encontre de la loi canadienne est «extrêmement improbable» [ Traduction].</p>
<p>Une réponse complète au professeur Geist exige de faire un survol des obligations canadiennes en vertu des traités internationaux. Conformément au test des trois étapes de Berne-ADPIC, les droits exclusifs d’un auteur, comme le droit de reproduire ou de communiquer une œuvre, sont la norme. À l’opposé, les droits des usagers doivent être modulés de façon à s’assurer qu’ils visent un bien particulier en nuisant le moins possible aux droits des auteurs. Le libellé du test en trois étapes est le suivant :</p>
<blockquote><p><a href="http://www.wipo.int/treaties/fr/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P144_29304"><em>Convention de Berne, Article 9 (2) :</em></a><em> </em><em></em></p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><em>« Est réservée aux législations des pays de l’Union la faculté de permettre la reproduction desdites œuvres dans certains cas spéciaux, pourvu qu’une telle reproduction ne porte pas atteinte à l’exploitation normale de l’œuvre ni ne cause un préjudice injustifié aux intérêts légitimes de l’auteur.»</em></p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><a href="http://www.wto.org/french/docs_f/legal_f/27-trips_04_f.htm"><em>Accord  sur les ADPIC, Article 13 :</em></a><em></em></p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p><em>«Les Membres restreindront les limitations des droits exclusifs ou exceptions à ces droits à certains cas spéciaux qui ne portent pas atteinte à l&#8217;exploitation normale de l&#8217;œuvre ni ne causent un préjudice injustifié aux intérêts légitimes du détenteur du droit.»</em></p></blockquote>
<p>Un exemple de la façon dont cet équilibre est maintenu se trouve dans la <a href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32001L0029:FR:HTML">Directive européenne sur le droit d’auteur</a> où l’on explique pourquoi le droit exclusif des auteurs ne devrait pas être ébranlé, même légèrement :</p>
<blockquote><p><em>«Toute harmonisation des droits d’auteurs et des droits voisins doit se fonder sur un niveau de protection élevé car ces droits sont essentiels à la création intellectuelle. Leur protection contribue au maintien et au développement de la créativité dans l’intérêt des auteurs, des interprètes ou exécutants, des producteurs, des consommateurs, de la culture, des entreprises et du public en général. La propriété intellectuelle a donc été reconnue comme faisant partie intégrante de la propriété.»</em></p></blockquote>
<p>En se demandant si le projet de loi C-32 est une «évolution» plutôt qu’une «révolution» quant à l’utilisation équitable, le Canada devrait se demander si le fait d’inclure une telle exception dans sa législation domestique ne pourrait pas être cause d’une contestation sous le régime de l’OMC.</p>
<p>Même si le professeur Geist n’en fait pas mention, il existe des causes de droit international qui prouvent que des lois domestiques peuvent empêtrer les pays dans de longs et coûteux litiges commerciaux. En 1999, la Communauté européenne a intenté une contestation à propos d’une exception imposée par les États-Unis dans leur <em>Fairness in Music Licensing Act</em> de 1998. Cette loi créait une exception au droit d’auteur permettant à une variété de bars et de restaurants d’offrir des spectacles sans que les auteurs d’œuvres musicales protégées aient donné leur aval. La Communauté européenne a plaidé que l’exception visait trop large pour répondre au test en trois étapes.</p>
<p>En 2000, un panel de l’OMC <a href="http://docsonline.wto.org/imrd/gen_searchResult.asp?RN=0&amp;searchtype=browse&amp;q1=%28%40meta%5FSymbol+WT%FCDS160%FCR%2A+and+not+RW%2A%29&amp;language=1">statuait</a> (<a href="http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/1pagesum_e/ds160sum_e.pdf">résumé</a>) que l’introduction de cette exception dans la loi américaine violait les articles 11bis (iii) et 11(1) (ii) de la Convention de Berne, contrevenant par le fait même à l’article 9.1 de l’Accord des ADPIC, ce qui a mené à une entente entre les États-Unis et l’UE pour le versement de millions de dollars à un fonds destiné aux titulaires de droits. Conséquence supplémentaire de cette dispute, les États-Unis sont également tenus de soumettre à l’OMC des rapports d’étape quant aux efforts faits pour remédier à cette violation de la loi sur le commerce international.</p>
<p>Le panel a également statué que l’«exemption pour raisons d’affaires» adoptée par les États-Unis recouvrait une catégorie importante d’institutions essentielles pour les titulaires de droits ce qui ne satisfaisait aucune des exigences du test en trois étapes défini par la Convention de Berne et l’Accord des ADPIC. Cela est d’un intérêt particulier pour le Canada puisque, de la même manière que dans la réforme canadienne, l’«exemption pour raisons d’affaires» retranche une part trop importante du marché pour les titulaires de droits et n’établit aucune licence obligatoire pour le secteur ciblé.</p>
<p>Pour des raisons identiques de portée, le Canada doit dès lors se demander si son emploi du terme «éducation» à des fins d’utilisation équitable respecte le test en trois étapes. Même en disposant en arrière-plan un test d’«équité», de nombreuses raisons suggèrent que la réforme canadienne pourrait subir le même sort que l’«exemption pour raisons d’affaires» américaine.</p>
<p>Premièrement, de manière littérale, il est faux de prétendre que l’«utilisation équitable» n’est pas une «utilisation gratuite». Toute exception d’utilisation équitable permet de nombreuses utilisations gratuites en ce qu’elle accorde une défense absolue au droit exclusif des titulaires, permettant ainsi aux utilisateurs de faire sans frais une ou des copies d’une œuvre. Le résultat de toute utilisation équitable est – à tout le moins potentiellement – une perte de redevances. En retranchant ces utilisations de l’exercice par le titulaire de ses droits exclusifs, tout gouvernement créant un tel type de droit pour les utilisateurs, se place d’emblée dans la «zone rouge» du test en trois étapes Berne/ADPIC puisqu’il  transfère la richesse du créateur vers l’utilisateur. Si l’on interprète de manière large la portée du terme «éducation» pour y inclure toute utilisation à des fins d’apprentissage, le transfert de richesse pourrait être très important.</p>
<p>Deuxièmement,  l’interprétation des facteurs d’«équité» faite par la Cour suprême dans le cas <em>CCH</em> est un amalgame unique du droit américain et britannique qui ne semble pas avoir intégré les obligations canadiennes en vertu des traités internationaux. Aux États-Unis, par exemple, dans la cause <em>Harper &amp; Row Publishers, Inc. v. Nation Enterprises, </em><a href="http://scholar.google.ca/scholar_case?case=12801604581154452950&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarrhttp://scholar.google.ca/scholar_case?case=12801604581154452950&amp;hl=en&amp;as_sdt=2&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholarr">471 U.S. 539</a> au 566 (1985) , la Cour suprême a statué que «la conséquence de l’utilisation sur le marché potentiel ou sur la valeur de l’œuvre protégée… est sans conteste l’élément le plus important de l’«utilisation équitable». [ Traduction ] Cet argument, appliqué correctement par les tribunaux, satisferait en large part les deuxième et troisième étapes du test en trois étapes. À l’opposé, dans la cause <a href="http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/fr/2004/2004csc13/2004csc13.html"><em>CCH</em></a>, LA Cour suprême du Canada a statué que la conséquence sur le marché «n’est ni le seul ni le plus important facteur qu’un tribunal doit prendre en compte pour décider si une utilisation est équitable». Il s’ensuit que les cinq autres facteurs décrits par le professeur Geist, lesquels ne s’accordent pas facilement au test en trois étapes, auraient un rôle égal ou plus important dans la détermination d’une utilisation équitable. Il apparaîtrait donc que certaines utilisations pourraient être admissibles aux termes de la loi canadienne, même si elles devaient avoir des effets perturbateurs sur l’exploitation normale de l’œuvre ou sur les intérêts légitimes de l’auteur. Un tel résultat risquerait de créer une dichotomie entre les standards nationaux du Canada et ses obligations internationales.</p>
<p>Troisièmement, dans la cause <em>CCH</em>, un des six facteurs relevés, à la seconde étape du test, concerne le but de l’utilisation. Une utilisation identifiée comme «équitable» à la première étape jouira d’une présomption avantageuse à la seconde étape. Une exception d’utilisation équitable de large portée compte sans doute double, ce qui menace de la voir s’appliquer au-delà des «certains cas spéciaux» requis par Berne et ADPIC.</p>
<p>Quatrièmement, n’oublions pas que la première étape du test canadien d’utilisation équitable joue un rôle crucial dans la préservation des intérêts du détenteur de droits. Quand l’utilisateur d’une œuvre protégée ne peut faire entrer de manière plausible les fins de son utilisation dans l’une des catégories acceptées que sont la recherche, la critique, le compte-rendu ou la communication de nouvelles, ou qu’il ne peut d’autre manière profiter d’une exemption ciblée en vertu de la loi canadienne, il doit obtenir l’autorisation de reproduire une partie importante d’une œuvre. Cela procure une certaine assurance tant aux utilisateurs qu’aux titulaires de droits et réduit les défenses désespérées «tous azimuts» lors de recours pour violation du droit d’auteur. Comme le montrent les causes récentes à l’égard de la signification acceptable des fins de «recherche», un terme équivoque peut provoquer la zizanie puisqu’un plaignant l’interprétera toujours étroitement et un défendeur, largement. Cela donne lieu à des procès coûteux et (possiblement) à des décisions judiciaires contradictoires qui n’éclairent personne.</p>
<p>Finalement, nombre d’observateurs neutres et respectés ont conclu qu’une acception large de l’exception à des fins d’éducation ne passerait pas le test en trois étapes, particulièrement s’il s’agissait d’une exception pure et simple plutôt que d’une licence rémunérée. Dans <em>World Copyright Law, </em>3d ed. (London: Sweet &amp; Maxwell, 2008) au § 529, J.A.L. Sterling, expert réputé et respecté, émet l’opinion que :</p>
<blockquote><p><em>La référence à «certains cas spéciaux» a pour intention d’indiquer les limites et les exceptions générales du droit de reproduction (<span style="text-decoration: underline;">serait par exemple inadmissible, une limite qui permettrait que la ‘’reproduction de toute œuvre soit faite pour n’importe quelle fin reliée à l’éducation</span>)</em>. [ Traduction ]</p></blockquote>
<p>L’expert australien reconnu, le professeur Sam Ricketson, en est venu essentiellement aux mêmes conclusions. Dans une <a href="http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/doc_details.jsp?doc_id=16805">étude</a> menée pour l’OMPI, il concluait que toute exception mettant en cause les bibliothèques, les archives ou les institutions d’enseignement devait être clairement précisée, à l’intérieur de limites définies. Il conclut également (voir p. 76) que dans ces conditions, une licence statutaire et rémunérée pourrait passer le test des trois étapes. De la même manière, dans un article cosigné avec l’experte américaine bien connue Jane Ginsberg et intitulé <em>International Copyright &amp; Neighbouring Rights: The Berne Convention and Beyond</em>, 2d ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), le professeur Ricketson conclut, au paragraphe 13, pages 782-783, qu’une exception aux fins d’enseignement ne passerait pas le test des trois étapes et qu’une exception large de «copie aux fins d’enseignement» fondée sur les étudiants pourrait se justifier en vertu de Berne/ADPIC seulement si elle était soumise à des limites et à une compensation pour les auteurs.</p>
<p>Au vu de ces conclusions, la défense pleine et large envisagée par le projet de loi C-32 apparaîtrait en violation des engagements canadiens en vertu des traités internationaux.</p>
<p><strong>7)                   </strong><strong>Les réformes sont-elles vraiment un moyen terme ?</strong></p>
<p>Dans son blogue, le professeur Geist laisse entendre que les nouvelles dispositions en matière d’utilisation équitable dans le projet de loi C-32 sont un «moyen terme» en ce qu’elles ajoutent deux catégories réclamées par les créateurs et une catégorie réclamée par les groupes d’utilisateurs.</p>
<p>En tout respect, cela semble être un argument spécieux. Tous les droits d’utilisation équitable sont des exceptions au droit de propriété exclusive. Ils sont au bénéfice des personnes qui <span style="text-decoration: underline;">utilisent</span> une œuvre existante. Dans le cas de la parodie ou de la satire, un doit d’utilisation équitable permettra à un créateur d’<span style="text-decoration: underline;">utiliser</span> l’œuvre d’un autre créateur à son propre compte sans payer de droits au détenteur d’iceux. Il s’agit d’une catégorie spéciale des droits d’utilisation visant un type bien précis de créateurs.</p>
<p>Mais l’erreur fatale consiste à traiter ces trois types de droits comme des entités indistinctes et ayant des conséquences indifférentes. La parodie et la satire sont de l’ordre des droits transformationnels au sens où ils n’autorisent pas l’utilisation gratuite d’une œuvre, mais plutôt l’utilisation d’une œuvre préexistante pour créer une nouvelle œuvre. À ce titre, la nouvelle œuvre ne drainera pas le marché pour l’œuvre originale. Elle pourrait même dans certains cas faire revivre l’œuvre originale ou provoquer un regain d’intérêt ce qui amènerait des redevances qui n’auraient pu être autrement perçues. Ces utilisations sont à l’évidence bonnes pour les deux parties.</p>
<p>A contrario, le droit d’utilisation à des fins d’éducation est un droit de consommation qui ne se traduit pas par la création d’une nouvelle œuvre, mais qui se solde par un usage gratuit et un transfert de richesse du titulaire vers l’utilisateur. Les conséquences ne se font sentir qu’à sens unique. Elles peuvent aussi être importantes si on se fie aux chiffres <a href="http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=4867858&amp;Language=F&amp;Mode=1&amp;Parl=40&amp;Ses=3">avancés</a> devant le comité, lesquels se situent entre 40 et 60 millions de dollars.</p>
<p>Ainsi, lorsque l’on mesure les véritables <span style="text-decoration: underline;">conséquences</span> de ces exceptions, il semblerait que le projet de loi tel que rédigé aurait comme résultat de faire subir des pertes importantes aux créateurs. Vu de manière critique, la prévision faite par le professeur Geist d’un futur inchangé contredit les propos qu’il tient dans son récent <a href="http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/5416/125/">blogue</a> quand il écrit : « Il y a un sentiment grandissant sur les campus canadiens voulant qu’il soit temps pour le secteur de l’éducation postsecondaire de décliner les licences de reproduction offertes par Access Copyright » [ Traduction ] et les tarifs proposés par la société de gestion pour le secteur postsecondaire.</p>
<p>Comment y parvenir ? Le professeur Geist <a href="http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/5416/125/">suggère</a> que les institutions, les professeurs et les étudiants peuvent  «s’appuyer sur les licences de bases de données existantes, les licences libre accès pour la recherche et <span style="text-decoration: underline;">l’utilisation équitable</span>» (c’est nous qui soulignons). [ Traduction ] Avant même que l’exception pour «utilisation équitable pour fins d’éducation» soit acceptée, le professeur Geist a identifié (<a href="http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/5510/196/">ici</a>, <a href="http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/5481/196/">ici</a>, et <a href="http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/5512/196/">ici</a>) plusieurs institutions qui ont mis de l’avant cette pratique. À l’évidence, si la notion d’utilisation équitable devait s’appliquer au-delà des limites actuelles et s’étendre à toutes les activités pédagogiques de nature «équitable», cela augmenterait de façon notable la possibilité pour les institutions d’adopter une attitude ferme à l’égard de leurs obligations. Cela pourrait aller jusqu’à les voir se retirer du paiement de tarifs ou encore défier les titulaires de droits de les poursuivre pour non-paiement. Obligés de s’en remettre à l’arbitraire de la deuxième étape du test sur la nature « équitable » des utilisations, les éditeurs auront une grosse côte à remonter.</p>
<p><strong>8)                   </strong><strong>Les réformes favorisent-elles ou nuisent-elles aux nouvelles technologies ?</strong></p>
<p>Dans son blogue, le professeur Geist argue que l’ajout de l’éducation en tant que fin acceptable «ouvrira la porte à l’utilisation de nouvelles technologies en classe sans craindre d’éventuels problèmes de responsabilité». [ Traduction ] Pour illustrer le fait que l’utilisation équitable peut être une valeur ajoutée en éducation, il prend l’exemple d’un collègue qui, lors de son exposé en classe, se sert d’une photo tirée de documents déposés au tribunal.</p>
<p>Si cet exemple semble tout à fait raisonnable, le professeur Geist omet de tenir en compte comment le droit d’utilisation équitable affecterait les investissements en millions consentis par les éditeurs pour soutenir les technologies qui ont pour but de transformer l’expérience en classe en une expérience multimédia interactive. À titre d’exemple, les éditeurs ont investi des sommes considérables dans <em>CourseSmart</em>, une réserve électronique à l’échelle de l’Amérique du nord pour des milliers de manuels d’utilisation courante provenant de multiples maisons d’édition pour l’éducation supérieure. Les enseignants peuvent utiliser cette ressource pour chercher et examiner l’information dont ils ont besoin pour choisir leurs manuels et leur matériel didactique, et les étudiants peuvent se procurer en ligne lesdits manuels à une fraction du coût des versions imprimées. D’autres avenues prometteuses sont à être développées grâce à des partenariats entre des éditeurs et, comme tiers partis, des opérateurs de gestion de cours comme <em>SymText</em>, <em>eConcordia</em> et <em>WebCT/Blackboard</em>. Ce sont des environnements éducatifs virtuels, vendus aux institutions d’enseignement et utilisés pour l’apprentissage en ligne. Le contenu de ces environnements est fourni sous licence par les éditeurs.</p>
<p>Les éditeurs consentent également des investissements considérables pour créer du contenu numérique soit comme supplément en ligne de manuels imprimés, soit comme contenu autonome destiné au secteur de l’éducation. Ce travail exige une refonte importante des opérations traditionnelles et suppose la mise en place de services numériques spécialisés dotés de leur propre personnel.</p>
<p>Le Parlement devrait s’interroger sérieusement à savoir si le droit d’utilisation équitable minerait ces services et ces technologies en plein développement en autorisant une offre gratuite, ce qui enverrait le message aux éditeurs et aux développeurs de ces nouvelles initiatives <span style="text-decoration: underline;">de ne pas</span> investir dans ces nouveaux systèmes. Le résultat serait contraire au <a href="http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=4814302&amp;Language=E&amp;Mode=1&amp;Parl=40&amp;Ses=3#Int-3576479">but avoué</a> du gouvernement qui est «d’enrichir l’expérience pédagogique et favoriser l’utilisation des technologies les plus récentes».</p>
<p><strong>9)                   </strong><strong>Est-ce que la Gowers Review britannique a appuyé ce type de réformes ?</strong></p>
<p>Dans son argumentation à l’égard du «moyen terme», le professeur Geist évoque que l’utilisation équitable du droit d’auteur favorise l’économie sans nuire aux intérêts des titulaires de droits. Il réfère en cela à la très respectée <a href="http://sandbox.opsi.gov.uk/paper/gowers_review_of_intellectual_property/contents">Gowers Review of Intellectual Property</a> en citant un passage de la section sur l’utilisation équitable: « l’utilisation équitable d’œuvres protégées peut créer une valeur économique sans nuire aux intérêts des titulaires de droits» [ Traduction ].</p>
<p>Un examen plus attentif de la <a href="http://sandbox.opsi.gov.uk/paper/gowers_review_of_intellectual_property/chapter/4/section/flexibility/section/fair_dealing_and_exceptions_to_copyright">Gowers Review</a> montre que ce commentaire ne portait pas sur une utilisation équitable ressemblant de près ou de loin à l’exemption pédagogique proposée par le projet de loi C-32, mais bien sur les droits transformationnels des œuvres relevant de la parodie et de la satire permettant de créer des œuvres qui «ne sont pas nécessairement des substituts d’œuvres existantes». Ce passage ne portait pas sur une utilisation équitable ressemblant de près ou de loin à l’exemption pédagogique proposée par le projet de loi C-32 et ne peut s’interpréter comme une approbation d’un droit général d’utilisation des œuvres. De fait, le rapport Gowers <a href="http://sandbox.opsi.gov.uk/paper/gowers_review_of_intellectual_property/chapter/4/section/copyright_exceptions_for_education">recommandait</a> spécifiquement que les questions pédagogiques soient traitées par le biais d’amendements aux exceptions ciblées pour les établissements d’enseignement contenues dans le <em>Copyright, Designs and Patents Act </em><em>de</em> <em>1988. </em> Même si le gouvernement britannique a toujours <a href="http://www.ipo.gov.uk/ipreview/ipreview-c4e/ipreview-c4e-paper.htm">gardé un œil</a> sur le système américain d’usage équitable,  aucun rapport gouvernemental n’en a recommandé l’adoption.<em></em></p>
<p><strong>10)               </strong><strong>Comment satisfaire au mieux les intérêts des titulaires de droits et ceux des usagers ?</strong></p>
<p>Certes, les batailles sur les ambiguïtés de l’utilisation équitable donnent lieu sur le plan juridique à des causes fascinantes. On doit cependant se demander si elles servent vraiment le système de droit d’auteur. Si le souhait du gouvernement est de favoriser l’implantation des nouvelles technologies dans le cadre pédagogique, la création d’exceptions ciblées, avec des buts spécifiques, serait un moyen plus prudent d’accommoder les droits actuels en matière d’utilisation équitable. C’est ainsi que le Canada a procédé antérieurement dans le cas des institutions d’enseignements, des  bibliothèques, des archives et des musées. L’Union européenne, avec laquelle le Canada tient d’importantes négociations commerciales, procède de la même façon, tout comme le font des lois d’importants pays du Commonwealth comme <a href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca1968133/">l’Australie</a> (voir les parties VA et VB), la <a href="http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1994/0143/latest/DLM345634.html">Nouvelle-Zélande</a> (voir les sections 44-49) et le <a href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/contents">Royaume-Uni</a> (voir les sections 32-36).</p>
<p>En encadrant de telles exceptions, le gouvernement devrait reconnaître que les lois servent d’abord au public, ensuite aux avocats. Peu importe ce qu’il entend précisément par l’énoncé actuel «aux fins d’éducation», il doit être conscient que toute décision judiciaire fera son chemin dans des directives, des paraphrases et des légendes urbaines qui seront ou non dans le voisinage d’une interprétation correcte, Chaque interprétation ayant comme résultat la copie d’œuvres par des institutions ou des individus. Plus vagues sont les termes clés, plus grande est la possibilité que des copies soient faites que le Parlement ne souhaitait pas inclure dans la loi. C’est précisément pourquoi la Nouvelle-Zélande a rédigé son récent <a href="http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1994/0143/latest/DLM1704607.html#DLM1704607">amendement</a> de manière à être précis quant aux activités pédagogiques permises – et quant aux conditions requises pour profiter des bénéfices de cette exception – mais neutre à l’égard des mécanismes utilisés pour exercer ces activités. Une telle approche a beaucoup plus de chances de satisfaire aux exigences du test en trois étapes que l’approche à grands traits proposée par le projet de loi C-32.</p>
<p>Pour atteindre les objectifs qu’il s’est fixés à travers ce mécanisme législatif plus raffiné, le Canada devrait s’engager à réviser ces exceptions ciblées lorsqu’elles tombent en désuétude. Une façon de garantir la mise à jour de ce type d’exceptions pourrait être de réglementer de manière précise les mécanismes d’application de ces exceptions ciblées, comme le Canada l’a déjà fait dans le cas de la tenue de registres pour les exceptions existantes pour l’éducation, les bibliothèques, les archives et les musées, de même que dans le cas de la gestion du régime de retransmission. Cela apaiserait les inquiétudes de plusieurs titulaires de droits et d’utilisateurs à l’égard de la lenteur de la réforme du droit d’auteur au Canada, incluant celle à l’égard des exceptions pédagogiques contenues dans la <em>Loi sur le</em> <em>droit</em> <em>d’auteur</em>.</p>
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		<title>Bill C-32&#8217;s fair dealing and other new copyright exceptions</title>
		<link>http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/11/17/bill-c-32s-fair-dealing-and-other-new-copyright-exceptions/</link>
		<comments>http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/11/17/bill-c-32s-fair-dealing-and-other-new-copyright-exceptions/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 18 Nov 2010 01:49:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Barry Sookman</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Fair Dealing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Fair Use]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Presentations]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[c-32]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[copyright reform]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[C-11]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[computer program interoperability]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Copyright]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[fair dealing]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.barrysookman.com/?p=2202</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Here are slides  from the speech I gave earlier today at Osgoode Hall Law School&#8217;s professional development program on understanding Bill C-32. The speech focused on the proposed fair dealing exceptions including the new exception for education, exceptions for individuals including the UGC, format shifting, time shifting, and back-up copy exceptions, and the new exceptions [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Here are slides  from the speech I gave earlier today at Osgoode Hall Law School&#8217;s professional development program on understanding Bill C-32. The speech focused on the proposed fair dealing exceptions including the new exception for education, exceptions for individuals including the UGC, format shifting, time shifting, and back-up copy exceptions, and the new exceptions for developing interoperable programs, encryption research, network security testing, and technological processes.</p>
<p><a style="margin: 12px auto 6px auto; font-family: Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 14px; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none; display: block; text-decoration: underline;" title="View Sookman Osgoode C-32 Speech on Scribd" href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/43026658/Sookman-Osgoode-C-32-Speech">Sookman Osgoode C-32 Speech</a> <object id="doc_298151005112268" style="outline: none;" classid="clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000" width="100%" height="600" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0"><param name="name" value="doc_298151005112268" /><param name="data" value="http://d1.scribdassets.com/ScribdViewer.swf" /><param name="wmode" value="opaque" /><param name="bgcolor" value="#ffffff" /><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always" /><param name="FlashVars" value="document_id=43026658&amp;access_key=key-wmnzvx52urd00gm4lo3&amp;page=1&amp;viewMode=list" /><param name="src" value="http://d1.scribdassets.com/ScribdViewer.swf" /><param name="allowfullscreen" value="true" /><param name="flashvars" value="document_id=43026658&amp;access_key=key-wmnzvx52urd00gm4lo3&amp;page=1&amp;viewMode=list" /><embed id="doc_298151005112268" style="outline: none;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="100%" height="600" src="http://d1.scribdassets.com/ScribdViewer.swf" flashvars="document_id=43026658&amp;access_key=key-wmnzvx52urd00gm4lo3&amp;page=1&amp;viewMode=list" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" bgcolor="#ffffff" wmode="opaque" data="http://d1.scribdassets.com/ScribdViewer.swf" name="doc_298151005112268"></embed></object></p>
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		<title>Some observations about the debates on Bill C-32 in the House of Commons</title>
		<link>http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/11/09/some-observations-about-the-debates-on-c-32-in-the-house-of-commons/</link>
		<comments>http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/11/09/some-observations-about-the-debates-on-c-32-in-the-house-of-commons/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 09 Nov 2010 14:00:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Barry Sookman</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Copyright]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Fair Dealing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Fair Use]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ISP Liability]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Piracy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[TPMs]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[education]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[fair dealing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[private copy levy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[private copying]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[tpms]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[UGC]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[UGC exception]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Last week there was lots of interesting debate in the House of Commons about Bill C-32 leading up to a vote at Second Reading to refer the Bill to a legislative committee for further study.
All of the political parties agreed that copyright reform is important. They concurred with the objectives behind the Bill including the [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Last week there was lots of interesting debate in the <a href="http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Language=E&amp;Mode=1&amp;Parl=40&amp;Ses=3&amp;DocId=4750342#SOB-3453750">House of Commons</a> about Bill C-32 leading up to a vote at Second Reading to refer the Bill to a legislative committee for further study.</p>
<p>All of the political parties agreed that copyright reform is important. They concurred with the objectives behind the Bill including the goals of creating a legal climate in which creators can both safely invest in and get paid for their content and at the same time ensure access by users to their works. They recognized the need to modernize the Copyright Act to address the challenges of the 21<sup>st</sup> century.</p>
<p>For example, Heritage Minister James Moore stated the following:</p>
<blockquote><p>Canada has not elected a majority Parliament since November 2000. It has been 10 years. As a result of the realities of minority Parliaments, often it is politically challenging for governments to be willing to step forward and to engage in the copyright issue. This legislation forces Parliament, regardless of political pressures, to make sure that Canada&#8217;s copyright regime stays on the cutting edge so that Canada can continue to create jobs, so that we maintain the reputation that we have around the world as being not only an innovator and a leader in new technology, but also one of those countries that protects the rights of creators to have their works protected by law.</p></blockquote>
<p>MP Marc Garneau (Lib.) stated the following:</p>
<blockquote><p>The digital economy is changing culture in this country. It is also changing our society and our economy. The information and communications technology sector employs some 600,000 Canadians and spends $6 billion a year on research and development. The digital economy is flourishing around the world. Last year, OECD countries invested nearly $3 trillion in hardware, software, communications and IT…</p>
<p>Unfortunately, when it comes to copyright, Canada has, for too long now, been way behind in terms of global best practices. Our outdated copyright legislation has been the subject of international criticism.</p>
<p>A 2005 OECD study found that Canada had the greatest per capita number of offenders engaging in illegal file-sharing. In May 2009, the United States put Canada on its blacklist of countries designated as being especially lax in protecting intellectual property, a list that includes Algeria, China, Russia, Pakistan, Indonesia and Venezuela.</p>
<p>Copyright and intellectual property protection have become a crucial component of trade talks with the European Union.</p>
<p>The time has come to ensure that our artists and creators receive fair compensation for their work and that, in this digital era, our entrepreneurs are compensated for their innovations. Canada must modernize its copyright legislation.</p>
<p>In short, the time has come for Canada to adopt a fair and balanced copyright law, one that takes the needs of both creators and consumers into account.</p></blockquote>
<p>MP Dan McTeague (Lib.) expressed that same point as follows:</p>
<blockquote><p>While I sit on  the industry side of things, we can all appreciate the importance of Canadian culture, Canadian music, Canadian songwriters and the great impact they have made as a result of these kinds of arrangements, constructed in large part by Parliament in previous times. We know the Canadian recording industry is sound and strong. We are very proud of it and we have to do everything we can, in modern times, to ensure it is effectively and equitably safeguarded.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>I believe there is the basis in the country for solid rewrite and review of copyright. It is long overdue. Members of Parliament may have differing opinions as to where and how we view effective copyright legislation, but I think we recognize that as the world changes, as technology evolves, so must the panoply of laws and the framework that allows us to change with changing times. That is the pragmatic approach, which the bill will require in order for it to be an effective response to the demands, needs and realities that society, that those in the industry as well as those artists expect.</p></blockquote>
<p>While there was consensus at the high level, there was a great deal of discussion about the best ways to accomplish those goals. The following are some observations about some of the key issues in the debates.</p>
<p><strong>Stopping the sites that enable piracy</strong></p>
<p>Of all of the issues debated by the parties, there was no disagreement that our copyright law should enable artists to vigorously pursue the end of illegal file sharing sites and services. Beginning the debate was Industry Minister Tony Clement. He referred to “helping artists by cracking down on those who would destroy value”.  Minister James Moore stated, “We need to make pirating and theft illegal in this country. We need to ensure that those who are creating in an effort to make a living out of what it is they love doing, which is music, software and video game publishing, are not being ripped off. That is article one.”</p>
<p>MP Bonnie Crombie (Lib.), in discussing the “wild west” of piracy facilitated by peer-to-peer sites, stressed that “Copyright laws are only as good as the enforcement that accompanies them.” MP Dan McTeague  also made reference to “the absolute destruction and devastation” enabled by the “wealth inhibitors” such as the operators of BitTorrent sites like IsoHunt and wanted to ensure that exceptions intended for innocent intermediaries are tightened up so that these sites and services cannot rely on them. MP Marc Garneau also referred to ‘examining technical issues surrounding exemptions with regard to hosting, information location tools and network services.’</p>
<p><strong>TPMs</strong></p>
<p>All of the parties were in agreement that C-32 should provide legal protection for technological measures (TPMs) as required by the 1996 WIPO Treaties. Minister James Moore recognized that 21<sup>st</sup> century business models depend on legal protection for TPMs. Individuals and businesses use locks to protect tangible property against theft and they rely on the law to protect them in those efforts. Artists and other creators of digital intellectual property should have the same rights to protection under the law. According to Minister James Moore:</p>
<blockquote><p>Copyright holders told us that their 21st-century business model depends on strong technological protection measures. And we listened: Bill C-32 contains protection measures such as digital locks to protect against piracy and to allow creators to choose how they wish to protect their works.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>We think the issue with digital locks is a central element. If a person is a creator and has created a product, a piece of software, and has decided to protect it in the way that person chooses to protect it to engage in the marketplace, we think that person has the right to protect what he or she has created, in the way he or she has chosen to protect it. If people want to hack around that or break a digital lock without that person&#8217;s consent, that person has the right to protect his or her own intellectual property. That is pretty basic. In terms of those who argue that digital locks should not be a part of this legislation, I just frankly disagree. I think they are wrong.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>There are elements of the bill on which we can agree or disagree, certain defining elements of education and how that should be dealt with in fair dealing. There are certain things on which we can agree or disagree. But if a person creates some software and decides to put a digital protection measure on that software and to engage in the marketplace with 90-day trials in which things are locked down afterwards, and so on, if the person chooses to engage in that and chooses to protect his or her intellectual property, that person should have the right to protect his or her property in the way he or she chooses.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>Obviously as part of this legislation, it should be illegal for one to hack somebody else&#8217;s property and to steal it and put it onto BitTorrent and spam it around the Internet and degrade people&#8217;s capacity to actually make a living on what they are doing.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>… I do not want arts and culture creativity, the software industry, the video game industry, the creative community in this country, to become a hobby. I want business models to be able to work in this country, and that requires a strong and robust copyright regime.</p></blockquote>
<p>Several Liberal MPs including MP Marc Garneau supported legal protection for TPMs but expressed opinions that Canadians who have legitimately purchased and paid for a CD, DVD or other products should have the ability to transfer their purchases onto other personal devices, such as an iPod, or make personal backup copies on their computers so long as they are not doing so for the purposes of sale, commercial distribution, or transfer to others.</p>
<p>Representatives from the NDP including MP Charlie Angus and from the Bloc including MP Carole Lavallée expressed similar and other concerns about TPMs. One concern raised by several members of the NDP was that legal protection for TPMs would not pass a constitutional challenge. This point, which has been made by several anti-copyright advocates is not supportable for at least four reasons.</p>
<p>First, Section 91.23 of the Constitution gives Parliament exclusive jurisdiction over ”Copyrights”.  The Supreme Court of Canada has stated that copyright in Canada “is a creature of statute and the rights and remedies it [the statute] provides are exhaustive”.<a href="file:///C:/MyFiles/blogs/9799692v1%20-%20C-32%20debate%20in%20house%20blog.doc#_ftn1">[1]</a> Copyright is concerned with balancing the public interest in the encouragement and dissemination of the works and “to prevent someone other than the creator from appropriating whatever benefits may be generated.”<a href="file:///C:/MyFiles/blogs/9799692v1%20-%20C-32%20debate%20in%20house%20blog.doc#_ftn2">[2]</a> The proper balance is one that changes, and therefore  needs to be re-evaluated from time to time, in response to technological evolution or to reflect international developments. Parliament has the right to determine the appropriate balance including how best to protect intellectual property against piracy.</p>
<p>Second, it seems obvious that legislation (1) whose object is to enable rights holders to prevent the unauthorized exercise of their exclusive rights, (2) which is enacted to implement copyright treaties such as the WIPO Treaties, and (3) which has been implemented around the world as part of copyright legislation, would be in pith and substance copyright.<a href="file:///C:/MyFiles/blogs/9799692v1%20-%20C-32%20debate%20in%20house%20blog.doc#_ftn3">[3]</a></p>
<p>Third, legislation protecting TPMs is in pith and substance copyright because, like the private copying levy in Part VIII of the Act, it would be “created for the purpose of supporting the creators and the cultural industries by striking a balance between the rights of creators and those of users.”<a href="file:///C:/MyFiles/blogs/9799692v1%20-%20C-32%20debate%20in%20house%20blog.doc#_ftn4">[4]</a></p>
<p>Fourth, the provisions in the <em>Radiocommunication Act</em> which prohibit decoding encrypted programming signals or network feeds or trafficking in devices that do so have been enforced by the Supreme Court of Canada.<a href="file:///C:/MyFiles/blogs/9799692v1%20-%20C-32%20debate%20in%20house%20blog.doc#_ftn5">[5]</a> It is not plausible to assert that laws designed to prevent the decoding of devices that protect programming signals would be enforced, while devices that protect works’encryption and other content safeguards from being broken would not be protected.</p>
<p>Several NDP MPs also criticized the TPM provisions in C-32 for allegedly following the implementation model used in the DMCA or for going considerably further than what the WIPO Treaties require.  However, as <a href="http://jamesgannon.ca/2010/11/03/bill-c-32-tpm-provisions-what-do-the-wipo-treaties-require/">James Gannon</a> has pointed out, Bill C-32 actually departs considerably from the legal protection for TPMs found in the U.S., including by having significant flexibility to enable the government to enact additional exceptions through regulation at any time. Moreover, to the extent that their criticisms of C-32 are based upon an interpretation of the WIPO Treaties that Canada can comply with the treaties without prohibitions against trafficking in circumvention tools, or by linking prohibitions against circumventing TPMs to infringing acts — they are in error. See, <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/09/27/separating-facts-from-hype-about-c-32/">Separating facts from hype about C-32</a>;  <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/09/30/are-the-tpm-provisions-in-c-32-more-restrictive-than-those-in-the-dmca/">Are the TPM provisions in C-32 more restrictive than those in the DMCA?</a> <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2009/12/23/dr-ficsor-is-right-prof-geist-is-wrong-about-the-wipo-internet-treaties/">Dr. Ficsor is right; Prof. Geist is wrong about the WIPO Internet Treaties</a>;<a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/06/17/legends-and-reality-about-the-1996-wipo-treaties-in-the-light-of-certain-comments-on-bill-c-32/">Legends and reality about the 1996 WIPO Treaties in the light of certain comments on Bill C-32</a>.</p>
<p><strong>Statutory damages</strong></p>
<p>The Liberals and the Bloc expressed concerns about the proposed amendments to statutory damages. Several Liberal speakers (including MPs Marc Garneau, Bonnie Crombie, and Dan McTeague) expressed the opinion that statutory damages must continue to be commensurate with the severity of the infringement. For example, MP Bonnie Crombie stated,“ A number of people to whom I have spoken, and who have come to meet with members of Parliament, have expressed concern about this section and believe that statutory damages must be commensurate to, equal to and proportional to the severity.” Bloc MP Carole Lavallée expressed concerns with absolute caps on statutory damages.</p>
<p><strong>User generated content (UGC) exception</strong></p>
<p>The Liberals and Bloc also suggested that the new exception for user generated content needs to be amended to ensure that the exception is not abused. MP Marc Garneau stated his party’s concerns as follows:</p>
<blockquote><p>Another issue is mash-ups. Bill C-32 creates a new exemption for user-generated content. However, it is broadly written and can create a potential opening for abuse. We will seek amendments to tighten the language to ensure that the mashup exemption can only be used for its intended purposes and not unexpectedly create a loophole for further copyright infringement.</p></blockquote>
<p>According to MP Dan McTeague:</p>
<blockquote><p>In our view, this section is too broadly written. Under the rule, individuals can post an entire movie on YouTube as long as they add a small inserted clip at the beginning or the end. Then they can call the video a mashup. It is kind of the exemption given in this kind of circumstance.</p></blockquote>
<p>MP Carole Lavallée made the following statement about the proposed UGC exception:</p>
<blockquote><p>The exception known as the “YouTube exception” allows a mother to post her son&#8217;s first steps on YouTube along with music, used in good faith. That seems nice enough but it opens the door to a whole slew of music piracy. The scope of this clause needs to be reduced, and these so-called works created from other works should be banned. That is exactly what it means to respect artists&#8217; rights.</p></blockquote>
<p><strong>Fair dealing for education</strong></p>
<p>Both the Liberals and Bloc expressed the opinion that the proposed new exception that would allow education as a purpose for fair dealing was problematic. Their concerns were that the new exception itself was unfair as it would allow substantial unpaid for copying; the concept of “fairness” was indefinite and would result in costly litigation to sort out; “fairness” was no guarantee that significant revenues needed to fund educational publishing would not be lost; and the term “education” was not defined, was not limited to any structured context, and its meaning and scope would have to be settled by litigation.</p>
<p>MP Marc Garneau wanted to be sure that authors and creators are paid fairly for their work. He was also worried that the concept of “fairness” was too open-ended and required clarity:</p>
<blockquote><p>Let us talk about the exemption for the education sector. The Liberal Party agrees that educators need flexibility in order to ensure that education is as enriching as possible. However, we must see to it that authors and creators are paid fairly for their work. The education sector is in the best position to convey the message that copyright is important, and we must ensure that Canadians understand that it is important for our creators to be compensated fairly for their work.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>With regard to the exemption for the education sector, the Liberal Party will attempt to amend the bill by proposing to clarify what exactly constitutes “fair dealing”. Naturally, the secret of a good policy always resides in the right balance. By defining what is fair, we will ensure that the law gives educators the necessary flexibility while offering artists, authors, and creators a better guarantee that their works will be protected.</p></blockquote>
<p>MP Dan McTeague expressed a similar concern. In addition, he asked “…why private, commercial education institutions should be permitted to disseminate works for education purposes without compensating copyright” owners.</p>
<p>As well, MP Scott Simms (Lib.) spoke on the proposed new fair dealing exception for education. His major – and serious &#8212; concern was that significant policy questions about what uses of educational materials could be exercised without making any payments to copyright owners would be decided by the courts as a result of litigation, rather than by Parliament:</p>
<blockquote><p>Some artistry groups have said that an open-minded, fair dealing provision puts in the hands of the courts what should be determined by Parliament. That is something we have to consider. Again, it becomes incredibly litigious. Fair dealing has that possibility so we have to consider that. We have to draft legislation to make sure that does not happen, in my humble opinion. Artist groups are saying that the full impact of an open-ended fair dealing provision may be difficult to predict but the fact that there will be unintended consequences is wholly predictable.</p></blockquote>
<p>MP Joseph Volpe (Lib.) shared the concern that the proposed new exception “introduces legal uncertainty, and whenever we introduce legal uncertainty, we are encouraging litigation.”</p>
<p>MP Bernard Bigras (BQ) had several concerns with the fair dealing exception for education. One concern was that it was unfair for educational institutions to have an exception that permits uncompensated copying. Under copyright law any person may copy any part of a work &#8212; <em>unless the copying is substantial</em>&#8211; without infringing copyright. However, when a particular use is elevated to a fair dealing purpose such as research, private study or education, copying of substantial portions of a work is permitted without authors being compensated. According, to MP Bigras, such substantial uncompensated copying by educational institutions of authors’ works would not be fair:</p>
<blockquote><p>There are a lot of exceptions in this bill. One particularly problematic exception stands in opposition to what should, in theory, be a positive principle. It concerns educational institutions. Teachers will be able to use protected materials in their courses without obtaining permission to reproduce them. This applies to movies and plays, among other things. The problem is not that people will be disseminating these cultural and artistic works, but that schools, for example, will not be required to pay royalties if they reproduce works. That is the problem.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>We have to ensure that everyone in our society has access to culture. Our young people need rapid access to our literary works and their authors, but we must not forget that these are artists whose livelihoods depend on this.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>I was reading the latest statistics. In the education sector alone, there are 175 million copies of parts of copyrighted works in schools, CEGEPs and universities. The education sector alone provides $9 million per year to 23 Quebec authors and 1,000 Quebec publishers. People&#8217;s economic livelihood depends on publishing and culture. Of course we want our young people to have access to culture, but we must also recognize that our creators have the right to fair compensation.</p></blockquote>
<p>MP Bernard Bigras was also concerned that even a &#8220;fair&#8221; dealing for education was no guarantee that authors would not be economically damaged by free uncompensated copying. (Unlike in the US, the effect on the market is not the most important factor in assessing whether a dealing is fair in Canada.)  He pointed out that the “notion of fairness is not defined in the bill”. He also pointed out that the term “education” was undefined which “could therefore be defined quite broadly and have a broad scope”.</p>
<p><strong>Private copying levies</strong></p>
<p>The issue of extending the private copying levy to include digital audio recording equipment was raised repeatedly by the NDP and the Bloc including by NDP MP Charlie Angus and Bloc MP Carole Lavallée. However, both Ministers Clement and Moore spoke out against extending the levy. Minister Tony Clement stated that his party opposed an extended levy on DARs such as iPods as being “regressive, unfair and economically destructive.”  Minister James Moore expressed the view that it “is an old solution for an old problem and it does not embrace the fact of new media.”</p>
<p>As the Bill moves into committee for further review, I am sure that we will hear much more about these issues — as the parties redouble their best efforts to craft legislation that will meet the needs of all Canadians.</p>
<hr size="1" /><a href="file:///C:/MyFiles/blogs/9799692v1%20-%20C-32%20debate%20in%20house%20blog.doc#_ftnref1">[1]</a> <em>Théberge v. Galerie d’Art du Petit Champlain Inc.</em>, [2002] 2 S.C.R. 336.</p>
<p><a href="file:///C:/MyFiles/blogs/9799692v1%20-%20C-32%20debate%20in%20house%20blog.doc#_ftnref2">[2]</a> <em>Ibid</em>.</p>
<p><a href="file:///C:/MyFiles/blogs/9799692v1%20-%20C-32%20debate%20in%20house%20blog.doc#_ftnref3">[3]</a> See<em> Kirkbi AG v. Ritvik Holdings Inc.</em>, 2005 SCC 65.</p>
<p><a href="file:///C:/MyFiles/blogs/9799692v1%20-%20C-32%20debate%20in%20house%20blog.doc#_ftnref4">[4]</a> See <em>Canadian Private Copying Collective v. Canadian Storage Media Alliance</em>, 2004 FCA 424; also, <em>Private Copying 1999-2000, Copying for Private Use.</em></p>
<p><a href="file:///C:/MyFiles/blogs/9799692v1%20-%20C-32%20debate%20in%20house%20blog.doc#_ftnref5">[5]</a> <em>Bell ExpressVu Ltd. Partnership v. Rex</em>, 2002 S.C.C. 42.</p>
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		<title>Separating facts from hype about C-32</title>
		<link>http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/09/27/separating-facts-from-hype-about-c-32/</link>
		<comments>http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/09/27/separating-facts-from-hype-about-c-32/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 27 Sep 2010 14:30:37 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Barry Sookman</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Copyright]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Counterfeiting]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Fair Dealing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Fair Use]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Piracy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[TPMs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[WIPO Treaties]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[c-32]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[copyright reform]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[p2p piracy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[C-11]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[digital locks]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[fair dealing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[geist]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[notice and notice]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[tpms]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.barrysookman.com/?p=1985</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Some anti-copyright critics compare the proposed copyright amendments in Bill C-32 with the copyright laws of the US to argue that Canadian copyright law with Bill C-32 passed would be more restrictive than in the US. International comparisons of copyright laws can be a very useful tool to gauge how Canadian laws stack up with [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Some anti-copyright critics compare the proposed copyright amendments in Bill C-32 with the copyright laws of the US to argue that Canadian copyright law with Bill C-32 passed would be more restrictive than in the US. International comparisons of copyright laws can be a very useful tool to gauge how Canadian laws stack up with international standards and norms. Regrettably, anti-copyright advocates often make their case by inaccurately and misleadingly describing US law to make it look more permissive than it is and by describing Bill C-32 in ways that makes it appear more restrictive than it is. This makes it difficult for the vast majority of the public to really assess Bill C-32 and to make properly informed judgements about it.</p>
<p>An example of this are several widely disseminated blogs written by Prof. Geist purporting to compare &#8220;how badly&#8221; C-32 stacks up against US law on two key issues in the Bill, digital locks and fair dealing. On these issues he argues that &#8220;Canada is far more restrictive than the U.S.&#8221; However, in making his arguments, Prof. Geist makes numerous errors in comparing Bill C-32 and US law.</p>
<p>Here are some illustrations from his recent blogs, <a href="http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/5229/125/">The U.S. DMCA vs. Bill C-32: Comparing the Digital Lock Exceptions</a>, <a href="http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/5227/125/">U.S. Developments Demonstrate Canada&#8217;s C-32 Digital Lock Rules More Restrictive Than DMCA</a>,  <a href="http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/5316/125/">Bill C-32: My perspective on the key Issues</a>, and <a href="http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/5325/125/">CRIA Goes To Washington</a>:</p>
<p><em>Geist claim</em>: &#8220;U.S. rules contain a mandatory review of anti-circumvention exceptions every three years, but Bill C-32 only contains a review of the entire law every five years with no specific examination of anti-circumvention rules or mechanisms for new exceptions.&#8221;</p>
<p><em>Response</em>: Bill C-32 contains two clauses that allow for the creation of new exceptions at any time: (1) regulations can be made any time with broad flexible criteria to exclude new classes of TPMs; and (2) regulations can be enacted to exclude classes of TPMs if they unduly restrict competition. Moreover, the US DMCA has no mechanism such as is available under Article 6(4) of the EU Copyright Directive to require rights holders to take appropriate measures to ensure beneficiaries of an exception can avail themselves of it. However, C-32 permits the enactment of further regulations at any time to require rights holders to provide access to a work to enable individuals to avail themselves of the enumerated exceptions to the TPM provisions.</p>
<p><em>Geist claim</em>: &#8220;U.S. rules now contain an exception for unlocking and jailbreaking a cellphone. Bill C-32 only covers unlocking.&#8221;</p>
<p><em>Response</em>: Under the recent <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/1201/2010/Librarian-of-Congress-1201-Statement.html">Rulemaking</a> by the Librarian of Congress, a new limited <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/07/27/copyright-office-exempts-six-classes-of-works-from-dmca%e2%80%99s-access-control-anti-circumvention-prohibitions/">exception </a>was recently established under the DMCA to cover jailbraking cell phones. The exception permits “Computer programs that enable wireless telephone handsets to execute software applications, where circumvention is accomplished for the sole purpose of enabling interoperability of such applications, when they have been lawfully obtained, with computer programs on the telephone handset.” Bill C-32 has a generally applicable exception for interoperability of computer programs that would enable circumvention of TPMs for jailbreaking applications that includes but is not limited to cell phones. Bill C-32 also contains a generally applicable exception to permit reverse engineering of computer programs that might be needed to develop applications that can work with jailbroken phones. US law does not have a comparable exception. Reverse engineering a computer program for interoperability purposes can be a fair use in the US in certain circumstances. It would also be a fair dealing for research purposes in Canada where permitted in the US.</p>
<p><em>Geist claim</em>:  “U.S. rules contain an exception for e-books designed to facilitate access for the sight impaired. The Canadian rules do not contain a similar exception.”</p>
<p><em>Response</em>: Under the recent <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/1201/2010/Librarian-of-Congress-1201-Statement.html">Rulemaking</a>, a new limited <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/07/27/copyright-office-exempts-six-classes-of-works-from-dmca%e2%80%99s-access-control-anti-circumvention-prohibitions/">exception</a> was recently established under the DMCA. It is restricted to “Literary works distributed in ebook format when all existing ebook editions of the work (including digital text editions made available by authorized entities) contain access controls that prevent the enabling either of the book’s read-aloud function or of screen readers that render the text into a specialized format.” Bill C-32 contains a much broader generally applicable exception that applies to TPMs that protect all works and subject matter to enable the content to be made perceptible to the person with the perceptual disability. It is not limited to any specific formats or type of perceptual disability.</p>
<p><em>Geist claim</em>: “… the new YouTube exception in the Canadian bill &#8211; trumpted as progressive &#8211; is still subject to digital locks, while the U.S. has specific exception for it”.</p>
<p><em>Response</em>:  Neither the US nor any other country I am aware of has anything similar to the proposed UGC (YouTube) copyright exception that is in C-32. The new proposed UGC exception would expressly exempt copying and other uses of content (such as movies, music, books, computer programs, games, art, architectural and engineering drawings, databases, websites and corporate logos) to create new works (including derivative works) and permit them to be disseminated over networks including the Internet. Since the US has no exception that permits this, it goes without saying that there is no exception for circumventing TPMs to enable individuals to engage in these types of activities.</p>
<p><em>Geist claim</em>: “U.S. rules contain an exception for everyone to circumvent DVD protection to gather a short clip to create non-commercial videos. Canadian rules include an exception for non-commercial videos, but do not exempt circumvention.”</p>
<p><em>Response</em>: The US exception for circumventing a TPM to create a non-commercial video, which came into force only after C-32 was tabled in the recent <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/1201/2010/Librarian-of-Congress-1201-Statement.html">Rulemaking</a>, is much more limited than described by Prof. Geist. The exception for non-commercial videos applies only to (1) motion pictures on DVDs that are lawfully made and acquired, (2) that are protected by the Content Scrambling System (CSS), (3) when the circumvention is accomplished solely in order to accomplish the incorporation of short portions of motion pictures into new works, (4) the purpose must be for criticism or comment, and (5)  the person engaging in the circumvention must believe and have reasonable grounds for believing that circumvention is necessary to fulfill the purpose of the use. As drafted, the Canadian UGC copyright exception applies even if an individual circumvents a TPM to create the UGC work. Bill C-32 does not prohibit individuals from circumventing copy control TPMs in order to create UGC works, only access control TPMs. So if an individual has purchased, licensed, or otherwise lawfully obtained access to original content, the individual can hack a TPM that would prevent copying in order to create a UGC work.</p>
<p><em>Geist claim</em>: The “digital lock rules effectively trump virtually all other rights in the bill (particularly fair dealing and the new consumer exceptions) and extend far beyond what is required to comply with the WIPO Internet treaties.”</p>
<p><em>Response</em>: The TPM provisions in the Bill, like those in the DMCA, do not prohibit circumventing copy control TPMs for fair dealing purposes. Prof. Geist’s analysis of what is required to comply with the WIPO Treaties has been <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2009/12/23/dr-ficsor-is-right-prof-geist-is-wrong-about-the-wipo-internet-treaties/">utterly rebuffed</a> by the former Assistant Director General of WIPO <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/06/17/legends-and-reality-about-the-1996-wipo-treaties-in-the-light-of-certain-comments-on-bill-c-32/">here</a>, <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2009/12/21/dr-ficsor-invitation-to-canada-to-join-the-international-community-by-ratifying-the-wipo-treaties/">here</a> and <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2009/12/23/only-once-more-and-then-marry-christmas-and-happy-new-year-to-everybody-including-professor-geist-and-his-devoted-followers-the-1996-wipo-diplomatic-conference-the-wipo-treaties-and-the-balanc/">here</a>.</p>
<p><em>Geist claim</em>: “U.S. law contains a flexible fair use provision that covers everything from recording television shows to making backup copies. Bill C-32 contains a series of new fair dealing exceptions that are collectively still more restrictive than the U.S. fair use”.</p>
<p><em>Response</em>: Bill C-32 would introduce three new fair dealing exceptions, parody, satire and education. The Bill would also create <a href="http://jamesgannon.ca/2010/06/09/32-exceptions-in-bill-c-32/">numerous new exceptions</a> covering a myriad of activities engaged in by individuals, researchers, businesses and educational institutions including copying for format shifting purposes, time shifting, making back-ups, creating and disseminating UGC works, reverse engineering computer programs, encryption research, security testing, technical processes, and copying practically any content that is publically available over the Internet for educational purposes. These latter exceptions are not bounded or restricted in any ways that require them to be subject to any “fairness” analysis. However, all US activities that are exempted under fair use are, by definition, required to be fair. So, it is by no means accurate to assert that the Canadian Act with these new exceptions would collectively be more restrictive than US fair use.</p>
<p><em>Geist claim</em>: “The DMCA prohibits only forms of access that would violate or impinge on the protections that the Copyright Act otherwise affords copyright owners.&#8221; This is far less restrictive than Bill C-32.”</p>
<p><em>Response</em>: Prof. Geist refers to a single US <a href="http://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/08/08-10521-CV0.wpd.pdf">case</a> involving MGE UPS Systems and GE for this unqualified assertion. As I previously pointed out, <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/07/29/mge-v-ge-what-did-the-5th-circuit-decide-about-the-scope-of-the-dmca-tpm-provisions-and-was-it-right/">MGE v GE-what did the 5th Circuit decide about the scope of the DMCA TPM provisions and was it right?</a>, Prof. Geist’s conclusions about this case are neither accurate nor complete. The case does not support the categorical statement that in the US “The DMCA prohibits only forms of access that would violate or impinge on the protections that the Copyright Act otherwise affords copyright owners”.</p>
<p><em>Geist claim</em>: &#8220;Canada is not breaking any international treaties&#8221; with respect to copyright.</p>
<p><em>Response</em>:  Canada signed the WIPO Treaties in 1997 committing this country to implement them, but hasn’t done so. Canada is the only G7 country to have failed to modernize its copyright laws to address the copyright issues associated with the Internet. Canada also lags behind all other G7 countries and international standards in failing to upgrade its laws to target counterfeiting and piracy. This was highlighted in a <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/09/17/rcmp-report-details-canadas-serious-counterfeiting-and-piracy-problems/">report</a> just released by the RCMP.</p>
<p><em>Geist claim</em>: “Bill C-32 adopts the successful notice-and-notice approach that has been used in Canada on an informal basis for many years.”</p>
<p><em>Response</em>: As I have <a href="http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/02/17/reflections-on-the-liberal-roundtable-on-the-digital-economy/">previously pointed out</a>, Prof. Geist’s assertion that notice and notice works is without foundation. We have had a <em>de facto</em> notice and notice system in Canada for many years and there is no evidence that it changes people’s behavior to stop illicit file sharing and purchase creative products from legitimate services. As I also pointed out <a href="http://ohrlp.ca/images/articles/Volume3/barry%20sookman,%20copyright%20consultations%20submission%20(2009)%202%20osgoode%20hall%20rev.l.pol/">elsewhere</a>, research by our trading partners shows that while a simple notice may have a temporary effect in reducing online file sharing, only notices that have a threat of some sanction operate as an effective deterrent.</p>
<p>In his latest <a href="http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/5325/125/">blog</a> Prof. Geist argues that “Canada needs to reform its laws based facts”.  I agree with this assertion. It is high time the debate about copyright in Canada was based less on hype and misinformation and more on facts.</p>
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		<title>Toronto Star says proposed exception for education in C-32 needs rethinking</title>
		<link>http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/08/14/toronto-star-says-proposed-exception-for-education-in-c-32-needs-rethinking/</link>
		<comments>http://www.barrysookman.com/2010/08/14/toronto-star-says-proposed-exception-for-education-in-c-32-needs-rethinking/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 14 Aug 2010 19:23:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Barry Sookman</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Copyright]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Fair Dealing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Fair Use]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[c-32]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[fair dealing]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.barrysookman.com/?p=1830</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The Toronto Star published an editorial today on C-32.  In it the Star expressed concern over the proposed inclusion of education as a new fair dealing allowable purpose exception. According to the Star:
Writers and publishers are worried that a broad interpretation of “education” could lead to rampant copying of textbooks, instructional manuals and even novels. Would [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The <a href="http://www.thestar.com/opinion/editorials/article/847343--copyright-bill-needs-changes">Toronto Star</a> published an editorial today on C-32.  In it the Star expressed concern over the proposed inclusion of education as a new fair dealing allowable purpose exception. According to the Star:</p>
<blockquote><p>Writers and publishers are worried that a broad interpretation of “education” could lead to rampant copying of textbooks, instructional manuals and even novels. Would a school board be allowed to buy just one copy of a new textbook and copy it for all its students? Would universities be allowed to copy bits and pieces of 20 different books to compile reading material on a certain subject for their students? Indeed, would a monthly book club be considered an “educational” activity and be allowed to copy novels on its reading list?</p></blockquote>
<p>The Star concludes its editorial by saying:</p>
<blockquote><p>Both government and opposition should rethink and take a hard look at the fair dealing section when Parliament resumes sitting in the fall and Bill C-32 goes to committee. Legislation intended to defend copyright ought not to be used to justify rampant copying.</p></blockquote>
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